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Entom 305 pt 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blister Beetles (Bad Beetles)Physical Characteristics | Soft-bodied insects with a distinct, small head, small thorax, and long, elongated abdomen. They come in various colors and species (e.g., three-striped blister beetle). |
| Toxicity Blister Beetles (Bad Beetles) | All life stages produce cantharidin for self-defense, but it is most concentrated in adult males. Cantharidin levels vary significantly across species. |
| Impact on Animals Blister Beetles (Bad Beetles) | Animals encounter them in fields or hay (especially alfalfa). Horses are the most susceptible, though cattle, sheep, and goats are also affected. Symptoms include mouth/GI blistering, colic, lethargy, reduced appetite, laminitis, and frequent urination. A dose of $1\text{ mg/kg}$ can be lethal, and supportive care is the only treatment. |
| Life Cycle Blister Beetles (Bad Beetles) | Adults emerge in summer/fall, congregate on flowering plants, and lay eggs in soil in late fall. Larvae feed on grasshopper eggs and solitary bee larvae before pupating in early summer. |
| Control Blister Beetles (Bad Beetles) | Manage grasshopper populations (fewer grasshoppers mean fewer blister beetles). Inspect paddocks, remove flowering weeds, check/harvest alfalfa early, and inspect hay before feeding. Note that insecticides leave dead beetles that remain toxic |
| Behavior Darkling Beetles / Lesser Mealworms (Bad Beetles) | Nocturnal insects attracted to ammonia. Highly mobile, flying over a mile per day between facilities. |
| Structural Damage Darkling Beetles / Lesser Mealworms (Bad Beetles) | Crowded larvae leave litter to pupate by tunneling into wooden supports, beams, and polystyrene insulation, causing severe damage. |
| Disease Vector Darkling Beetles / Lesser Mealworms (Bad Beetles) | Feed on dead/dying poultry and transmit major pathogens (e.g., Marek's disease, avian flu, E. coli, Salmonella, coccidiosis) when eaten by healthy birds. |
| Sanitation (IPM) | Maintain dry litter, fix water leaks, manage feed spills, and regularly clear out litter |
| Habitat Modification (IPM) | Shift feeders/waterers to compact loose litter |
| Chemicals (IPM) | Rotate targeted insecticides to avoid resistance. |
| Key Traits Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Essential for ecosystems with zero negative impacts. |
| Ecosystem Services Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Breakdown and remove manure, cycle nutrients into soil, reduce pasture fouling, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and improve soil drainage/water retention. |
| Biological Control Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Disrupt breeding sites for parasites such as horn flies, face flies, and gastrointestinal nematodes |
| Dwellers (Endocoprids) Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Live and nest inside or just below fresh dung |
| Tunnelers (Paracoprids) Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Dig tunnels beneath dung piles to store dung and lay eggs. |
| Rollers (Telecoprids) Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Shape dung into balls and roll them away to bury in tunnels. |
| Threats Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Highly sensitive to ivermectin-based dewormers and feed-through insect growth regulators (IGRs), which reduce beetle abundance, biomass, and diversity |
| Movement Study Findings Dung Beetles (Good Beetles) | Mark-and-recapture studies show beetles generally do not travel long distances to find resources. Consequently, if a local population is eliminated, recolonization takes a long time. |
Created by:
agk236