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Entom 305 pt 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cultural | Good sanitation and habitat changes (lowest toxicity, prevention-based). |
| Integrated Pest Management (IPM) & Hierarchy | The management strategy moves from foundational Prevention at the bottom to direct Intervention at the top |
| Physical-Mechanical | Screens, traps, and backrubbers. |
| Biological | Utilizing natural predators and parasites. |
| Chemical (Biorational) | Repellents, oils, insect growth regulators (IGRs), and microbials. |
| Chemical (Conventional) | Contact pesticides that kill directly (highest toxicity, intervention-based) |
| Systemics | Enter through the arthropod's digestive system via ingestion or injection (e.g., IGRs, macrocyclic lactones) |
| Contact Poisons | Absorbed through the cuticle upon physical contact or skin surface spreading. |
| Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins (Group 3A) | Mechanism: Interfere with sodium-gated ion channels. Examples: Permethrin (e.g., Permectrin II), Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin. |
| Organophosphates (Group 1B) | Mechanism: Bind to and permanently inactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to continuous neurotransmitter firing. Examples: Coumaphos (Co-Ral), Phosmet (Prolate/Lintox-HD), Diazinon. |
| Carbamates (Group 1A) | Mechanism: Derived from carbamic acid; reversibly inhibit AChE Offer longer residual action on surfaces; often used in premise sprays and baits. Examples: Carbaryl (Sevin), Methomyl (Golden Malrin). |
| Macrocyclic Lactones / Avermectins (Group 6): | Mechanism: Target invertebrate-specific glutamate-gated chloride channels and GABA receptors. Examples: Ivermectin (Heartgard, Ivomec), Eprinomectin (LongRange), Doramectin. |
| Neonicotinoids (Group 4A): | Mechanism: Agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), causing irreversible blockade in the central nervous system. Examples: Imidacloprid (Advantage, Advantus). |
| Spinosyns (Group 5): | Mechanism: Target binding sites on nAChR with secondary GABA agonist activity. Examples: Spinosad (Comfortis, Elector PSP). |
| Phenylpyrazoles / Fipronil (Group 2B): | Mechanism: Blocks GABA-gated and glutamate-gated chloride channels. Examples: Fipronil (Frontline Plus, PetArmor). |
| Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) | Arthropod Growth & Metamorphosis Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors: Disrupt cuticle development leading to abortive molting and egg defects (e.g., Lufenuron, Diflubenzuron, Novaluron). Hormonal IGRs: Mimic juvenile hormones or disrupt ecdysone to prevent adult emergence or cause pupal mortality (e.g., Methoprene). |
| B.t. Technology (Bacillus thuringiensis): | Arthropod Growth & Metamorphosis Soil bacteria producing crystalline proteins toxic to insects when ingested; widely used for mosquito larvae control without harming vertebrates |
| Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) | Synergists Has no pesticidal activity on its own, but inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for pesticide detoxification, enhancing the potency of pyrethroids and carbamates. |
| How Resistance Occurs | Continuous exposure to a single pesticide class exerts selective pressure on a population, causing mutated resistant traits to accumulate while susceptible individuals perish. |
| Rotate Mode of Action (MoA), Not Just Brands: | Switching between brand names that share the same active chemical class does not stop resistance. Rotate across different chemical groups (e.g., Pyrethroid $\rightarrow$ Organophosphate $\rightarrow$ Macrocyclic Lactone). |
| Maintain Refugia (For Internal Parasites) | Leave a portion of the parasite population unexposed by treating only select individuals to preserve susceptible genes in the pool |
| Avoid Sub-Lethal Dosing | Do not rely on injectable macrocyclic lactones solely for external pastured pests (e.g., horn flies); long elimination tail-offs expose pests to sub-lethal levels, strongly selecting for resistance |
| Integrate Non-Chemical Methods | Non-chemical controls (traps, physical barriers, sanitation) stop resistance development entirely |
| Ear Tags | Require contact with coat/body oils; effective for 90–100 days (must be removed after efficacy wanes). Tag both ears; do not tag calves/bulls or "daisy chain" tags. |
| Pour-Ons & Spot-Ons | Applied topically along the backline (head-to-tail) or specific locations based on precise body weight. |
| Sprays & Premise Applications | Economical for herds or facility walls; requires proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). |
| Self-Applicators | Devices like backrubbers that pests rub against to apply product passively |
| Systemics | Administered orally or via injection for blood-borne delivery to feeding ectoparasites and endoparasites |
Created by:
agk236