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Entom 305 pt 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integrated Pest Management (IPM) | ecosystem-based strategy focused on long-term prevention of pests or their damage by combining multiple control tactics. Reliance strictly on chemical controls leads to insecticide resistance and continuous pest reproduction. Pesticides should only be used after monitoring indicates a need, following established guidelines, and rotating chemicals appropriately. |
| Cultural Control (Foundation - Use Most, Non-Toxic) | Focuses on good sanitation, habitat changes, and identifying/removing breeding sites (food and water sources). Cleaning stock tanks, removing standing water, managing and composting manure, rotating pastures, managing round bales, prescribed burning, and supporting dung beetles. |
| Physical-Mechanical Control | Focuses on physically removing pests from animals or the environment or creating barriers. Examples: Walk-through fly traps (e.g., Bruce's fly trap), sticky traps placed in sunlight/fly pathways, barn fans, mesh curtains, fly boots, and fly sheets/masks. |
| Biological Control | Employs natural predators or parasites to regulate pest populations. Examples: Parasitic/predator wasps (e.g., Fly Predators) that lay eggs inside developing pupae to prevent adult emergence. |
| Chemical Control (Top Level - Use Least, Most Toxic) | Used as a last resort or targeted intervention. Biorational: Repellents, oils, insect growth regulators (IGRs), and microbials. Conventional: Pesticides that kill pests on contact. |
| r-type Reproduction | Characterized by producing many offspring, short maturation times, low parental investment, high adaptability to unstable environments, and low individual offspring survival rates. Most insect pests follow this strategy, allowing populations to rapidly explode. |
| K-type Reproduction | Characterized by fewer offspring, long maturation periods, high parental investment, and high individual offspring survival rates (e.g., elephants, dung beetles). |
| Stable Flies | A single round hay bale can produce approximately 58,000 stable flies per week (~200,000 total) if moisture and waste accumulate around it. Sticky traps should be placed within the "Biting Fly Zone" (up to 4 feet off the ground) in sunny areas outside livestock holding zones |
| Prescribed Burning | Targeted spring burning kills overwintering pupae before emergence, significantly reduces tick populations, and has been shown to reduce horn fly populations by up to 40% in research studies. Unburned areas leave pests unprotected, and protection lasts approximately one year. |
| Dung Beetles | Beneficial organisms that disrupt breeding sites for face flies, horn flies, and gastrointestinal nematodes by burying dung brood balls for their larvae. Because they exhibit K-type reproduction, their populations are slow to recover and are extremely sensitive to chemical treatments like ivermectin. |
| Blister Beetles | Attracted primarily to flowering plants in pastures |
Created by:
agk236