Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Entom 305 pt 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What four goals must a blood-feeding arthropod accomplish to be successful? | Find a host, use specialized mouthparts to access blood, keep the blood flowing, and stay undetected by the host |
| What are the main competing goals of the host and the arthropod pest? | The host aims to avoid predation/being food, while the pest aims to avoid detection and secure a food source for as long as possible |
| What is "fly worry"? | A group of stereotypic behaviors exhibited by animals under external parasite pressure |
| What specific behaviors are associated with fly worry? | Bunching, stamping, tail swishing, shaking, standing in mud/water, and general agitation |
| Does removing the parasite always stop parasite-induced host behavior immediately? | No, removing the parasite does not always remove the behavior |
| Which physical adaptations help parasites reduce the effectiveness of host defenses like grooming? | Body flattening, barbs and sharp hooks, strong leg muscles, a hard exoskeleton, and protective body coloration |
| How does cryptic color variation protect parasites like lice from host grooming? | Cryptic coloration allows parasites to match host feather/fur color, hiding them from visual grooming (preening) by the host |
| What is hemostasis? | The process by which a vertebrate host controls blood loss following a blood vessel injury. |
| What three main stages occur during vertebrate hemostasis? | Platelets stick together to form a quick, weak plug. Clotting factors produce a fibrin fiber net to reinforce the plug. Red blood cells get trapped in the mesh to form a solid clot/scab. |
| How do blood-feeding arthropods prevent host hemostasis? | They produce salivary molecules that target and inhibit multiple stages of the blood clotting cascade reaction and prevent vasoconstriction |
| Why are arthropod salivary anti-hemostatic mechanisms described as "redundant"? | Multiple different salivary molecules often target the exact same pathway to guarantee blood flow. |
| What are the four main steps of the vertebrate immune response? | Immunological recognition (self vs. non-self PAMPs and damage DAMPs), immune effector functions, immune regulation, and immunological memory |
| What signs of tissue inflammation alert a host to a parasite's presence? | Pain, as well as redness and heat caused by tissue vasodilation. |
| How can host awareness and tissue repair harm long-term feeding ticks? | Host awareness and tissue repair can lead to the encapsulation and isolation of tick mouthparts from live tissue |
| How does parasite saliva counteract the host's inflammatory response? | Saliva contains anti-inflammatory molecules through multiple pathways and specific molecules that inhibit the itch response to prevent grooming. |
| What is Saliva Assisted Transmission (SAT)? | A process where arthropod saliva modulates the host immune response at the bite site, thereby enhancing pathogen transmission and establishment. |
| What organism and pathogen was SAT first described in? | First described in the sandfly (Lutzomyia) and the protozoan parasite Leishmania major |
| What causes tick paralysis, and which North American ticks are notable vectors? | An acute, progressive, symmetrical, ascending motor paralysis caused by salivary neurotoxins. Notable species include Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick) and Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) |
| Does tick paralysis toxicity depend on tick size or attachment duration? | No, toxicity does not relate directly to tick size, the number of ticks, or the duration of attachment |
| What is Alpha-gal syndrome, and how is it linked to ticks? | It is an allergic response to the carbohydrate molecule alpha-gal. Ticks (especially the Lone Star tick) inject alpha-gal in their saliva, sensitizing humans and causing allergic reactions beyond just red meat consumption |
| What is Simuliotoxicosis? | Toxicosis caused by mass attacks of black flies (Simulium spp.) that develop in running water. |
| What causes death in cases of Simuliotoxicosis? | Exsanguination (blood loss, especially in small animals) and acute anaphylactic shock. |
| What are the direct forms of damage caused by arthropod pests? | Blood loss, increased forage requirements to maintain body weight, skin damage, allergic reactions, and paralysis |
| What are the indirect forms of damage caused by arthropod pests? | Secondary infections at the bite site and transmission of pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi). |
Created by:
agk236