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Civics ch 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is federalism? | Federalism is a system in which governmental power is divided among two or more levels. |
| What is the purpose of federalism? | The purpose of federalism is to limit government power and restrain tyranny. |
| What are delegated powers? | Delegated powers are powers given to the national government by the Constitution that define the limits of its authority. |
| What are enumerated powers? | Enumerated powers are powers specifically written into the Constitution. |
| What are implied powers? | Implied powers are powers not directly stated in the Constitution but derived from enumerated powers. |
| What clause is used to justify many implied powers? | Many implied powers are justified by the Necessary and Proper Clause |
| What does the Tenth Amendment say about state powers? | "Any power not delegated to the national government and not denied to state governments is reserved to the states or to the people." |
| What are reserved powers? | Reserved powers are powers granted to the states that allow them to exercise authority within their borders. |
| What are examples of state powers? | "Examples include establishing government structures |
| How is state power limited? | State power is limited by the Constitution and Supreme Court decisions. |
| What powers are denied to the states? | "States cannot make treaties with foreign nations |
| What is the role of local governments? | Local governments are traditionally used to implement state authority at the local level. |
| What are examples of local governments? | "Examples include counties |
| What is the Supremacy Clause? | The Supremacy Clause asserts that state laws cannot contradict the Constitution |
| How have historical events generally affected federalism? | Events in United States history have generally strengthened the national government at the expense of state governments. |
| Why were state governments more involved in citizens’ daily lives? | Because of the country’s vast and remote nature |
| What is dual federalism? | Dual federalism is the idea that state and national governments were sovereign within their own spheres of responsibility. |
| What is the federal system? | The federal system is a basic constitutional principle and one of the outstanding achievements of the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. |
| What was one cause of the Civil War? | One cause of the Civil War was disagreement over states’ rights and the powers of the federal government. |
| What happened when some presidents tried to reduce the national role of federal power? | They were generally unsuccessful. |
| What was Ronald Reagan’s approach to federalism? | Ronald Reagan sought “new federalism |
| What caused state borders to become less important after the Civil War? | Economic growth and industrialization reduced the importance of state borders and increased the need for national legal uniformity. |
| What constitutional amendment created the national income tax? | The Sixteenth Amendment |
| Why did federal power continue to grow? | Federal power grew as the nation faced domestic and foreign challenges. |
| What events contributed to the growth of federal power? | "World War I |
| What are grants-in-aid? | Grants-in-aid are transfers of money from the national government to state and local governments to implement federal policies. |
| What are the three major types of federal grants? | The three major types are categorical grants |
| What are categorical grants? | Categorical grants are given to state and local governments for a specific purpose. |
| What are formula grants? | Formula grants use demographic formulas to determine how much funding is needed. |
| What are project grants? | Project grants allow the national government to determine the size of the grant. |
| What type of grant is the most common and controversial? | Categorical grants are the most common and controversial type of federal grant. |
| Are states required to accept categorical grants? | No. States are not required to accept them |
| What is an example of a categorical grant? | The national highway system is an example of a categorical grant. |
| What are block grants? | Block grants combine several categorical grants while placing fewer federal regulations on the funding. |
| What is revenue sharing? | Revenue sharing involves the national government sharing tax revenues with state governments |
| What happened to revenue sharing? | Revenue sharing was discontinued as part of federal budget cuts. |
| What does the Constitution require the national government to do for the states? | The Constitution requires the national government to guarantee each state a republican form of government and protect the states from domestic and foreign threats. |
| What helps preserve federal distinctions? | The election of state and local officeholders and the local organization of political parties help preserve federal distinctions. |
| How does the federal government encourage states to follow federal standards? | The federal government may threaten to withhold funding if states do not comply with federal standards. |
| What are examples of federal standards enforced through funding? | Examples include speed limits |
| How does federal aid contribute to the national debt? | Federal aid to state and local governments is one factor contributing to the rise in the national debt. |
| Why do state and local governments lobby to keep federal grants? | Many state and local governments depend on federal grants to support their budgets. |
| What is one challenge involving competition between states? | Not all states receive the same amount of federal aid |
| Why was the Constitution partly written to address disagreements between states? | The Constitution was partly written to reduce disagreements between states that had existed under the Articles of Confederation. |
| What is the overall role of federalism? | Despite its changes and challenges |
| What is the federal system? | The federal system is a basic constitutional principle and an outstanding achievement of the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. |
| What was one cause of the Civil War? | One cause of the Civil War was disagreement between states’ rights and the powers of the federal government. |
| What happened when some presidents tried to reduce the national role of the federal government? | Their efforts were generally unsuccessful. |
| What was Ronald Reagan’s goal through “new federalism”? | Ronald Reagan sought to return power to the states. |
| What increased conflict between slave states and the national government? | Slave states protested efforts to outlaw slavery in new states and territories and argued that the federal government was interfering with state sovereignty. |
| What was established after the Civil War? | The supremacy of the federal government was firmly established. |
| How did industrialization increase interdependence? | Farmers moved to cities |
| How did producers and consumers contribute to interdependence? | The interdependence of producers and consumers reduced the importance of state lines and increased the need for national legal uniformity. |
| What was the New Deal? | The New Deal was a set of programs created by Franklin D. Roosevelt to respond to the Great Depression. |
| What was the Great Society? | The Great Society was a set of programs created by Lyndon Johnson to help end poverty. |
| What form did federal grants originally take in the nineteenth century? | Federal grants originally took the form of land grants. |
| When did cash grants become significant? | Cash grants became significant during the New Deal era. |
| What do categorical grants generally require? | Categorical grants generally require recipients to provide matching funds and create an agency to manage the money. |
| What do states do to obtain additional federal funding? | Although states are not required to accept federal grants |
| How are block grants different from categorical grants? | Block grants are more flexible than categorical grants and simplify the administration of federal funds by states and cities. |
| When did revenue sharing begin? | Revenue sharing began in 1972 under President Richard Nixon. |
| When was revenue sharing dismantled? | Revenue sharing was dismantled in 1986 as part of budget cuts under the Reagan administration. |
| What was the purpose of Nixon’s revenue-sharing program? | It attempted to return policy control to the states |
| What political forces help preserve federalism? | National officeholders elected from state and local districts and political parties organized at the state level help preserve federalism. |
| How do national officeholders help preserve state independence? | National officeholders represent 435 congressional districts and 50 states |
| How do political parties help preserve federalism? | Political parties are organized at the state level and remain somewhat independent of their national organizations |
| Why were highway funds withheld from states without the 55-mile-per-hour speed limit? | The primary reason was to encourage fuel conservation. |
| How did federal grants contribute to the national debt? | Annual federal grants increased from approximately $24 billion to $90 billion a decade later |
| What is the Sunbelt? | The Sunbelt is a region consisting of states in the South and Southwest. |
| What is the Frostbelt? | The Frostbelt is a region consisting of states in the Northeast and upper Midwest. |
| How did the Sunbelt and Frostbelt become economic rivals? | The Frostbelt struggled with older industries such as steel and automobile manufacturing |
| How did regionalism create conflict between the Sunbelt and Frostbelt? | The Sunbelt’s economic and population growth made it a rival to the older industrial Frostbelt |
| How did population changes affect congressional representation? | The Sunbelt gained more than ten congressional seats while northern and Midwestern states lost seats. |
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