A political and social system based on land ownership, personal loyalty, and obligations between lords, vassals, and serfs.

A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty.

A peasant who was legally bound to the lord's land and could not leave without permission.

A noble who promised loyalty and military support to a lord or king in exchange for land.

A tax paid to the Catholic Church, usually equal to one-tenth of a person's income or produce.

An association of craftspeople or merchants in a medieval city that controlled trade standards and trained apprentices.

A series of military expeditions launched by European Christians from the 11th to 13th centuries to reclaim Jerusalem from Islamic rule.

A cultural movement during the Renaissance that focused on human potential, secular study, and classical Greek and Roman ideas.

The period of cultural, artistic, and scientific rebirth in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries.

A 16th-century religious movement initiated by Martin Luther that led to the creation of Protestant churches.

The Catholic Church’s effort to reform itself and halt the spread of Protestantism.

A system of government where a monarch holds unlimited power, claiming divine right to rule.

A light, fast Spanish and Portuguese sailing ship used for long-distance exploration in the 15th–17th centuries.

An astronomical instrument used by early navigators to calculate latitude using the position of the stars.

Territories under the immediate political and economic control of a distant state.

An artifact, document, diary, or record created during the time period being studied.

Information created later by someone who did not experience the event firsthand (e.g., a textbook or article).

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2ºESO revision

End of year or beginning of year revision for either 2º eso or 3º

Term	Definition
Feudalism	A political and social system based on land ownership, personal loyalty, and obligations between lords, vassals, and serfs.
Fief	A piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for military service and loyalty.
Serf	A peasant who was legally bound to the lord's land and could not leave without permission.
Vassal	A noble who promised loyalty and military support to a lord or king in exchange for land.
Tithe	A tax paid to the Catholic Church, usually equal to one-tenth of a person's income or produce.
Guild	An association of craftspeople or merchants in a medieval city that controlled trade standards and trained apprentices.
Crusades	A series of military expeditions launched by European Christians from the 11th to 13th centuries to reclaim Jerusalem from Islamic rule.
Humanism	A cultural movement during the Renaissance that focused on human potential, secular study, and classical Greek and Roman ideas.
Renaissance	The period of cultural, artistic, and scientific rebirth in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries.
Reformation	A 16th-century religious movement initiated by Martin Luther that led to the creation of Protestant churches.
Counter-Reformation	The Catholic Church’s effort to reform itself and halt the spread of Protestantism.
Absolute Monarchy	A system of government where a monarch holds unlimited power, claiming divine right to rule.
Caravel	A light, fast Spanish and Portuguese sailing ship used for long-distance exploration in the 15th–17th centuries.
Astrolabe	An astronomical instrument used by early navigators to calculate latitude using the position of the stars.
Colonies	Territories under the immediate political and economic control of a distant state.
Primary Source	An artifact, document, diary, or record created during the time period being studied.
Secondary Source	Information created later by someone who did not experience the event firsthand (e.g., a textbook or article).

Created by: user-1987865

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