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PSYCH 1.3 a+ b
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system |
| Soma | cell body --> the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus |
| Dendrites | bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body |
| Axon | attached to the soma, the neuron extension that passes through its branches to other neurons or to muscles |
| Myelin Sheath | fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons --> increases transmission speed and provides insulation |
| Terminal Branches | the ends of the axon containing terminal buttons which hold sunaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters |
| Glial Cells | cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory |
| Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| Polarization | a resting neuron has negatively charged ions inside the axon and positively charged ions outside |
| Depolarization | the positive and negative ions mix inside the axon |
| All-or-none response | neural firing happens at full response or none at all ---> more stimulation does not equal a more intense neural transmission |
| Excitatory Signal | excitatory neurotransmitter signals trigger action |
| Inhibitory Signal | inhibitory neurotransmitters signals depress actions |
| Action Potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon |
| Refractory Period | resting pause after action potential |
| Neurotransmitter (def) | chemical messengers that travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) (Neuro) | enables muscle action, learning, and memory --> *aching muscles* |
| Synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
| Reuptake | A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| Endorphins | natural pain killers |
| Agonist | exciting neuron firing --> increase action |
| Antagonist | inhibiting neuron firing --> blocks action |
| Endocrine System | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Adrenal Glands | when sympathetic Nervous System is activated --> adrenal Glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline) to energize the body |
| Epinephrine | adrenaline |
| Norepinephrine | helps control alertness and arousal *NO ADRENALINE* |
| Pituitary Gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland --> secretes many different hormones |
| Psychoactive drug (def) | chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods --> "mood changing" |
| Psychoactive drug (3 categories) | depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens |
| Substance abuse disorder | a disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk |
| Tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
| Addiction | a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry |
| Neuroadaptation | brain chemistry changes to offset the effects of the drug |
| Withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior |
| Depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| Expectancy Effects | expectations influence behavior |
| Barbituates | DEPRESSANT; drugs that depress CNS activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
| Opiates | DEPRESSANT; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| Stimulants | Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| Nicotine | STIMULATE; a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco |
| Cocaine | STIMULATE; a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria |
| Methamphetamine | STIMULATE; a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| Ecstacy (MDMA) | STIM + HALL; a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons |
| Hallucinogins | Psychedelic ("mind manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| LSD | HALLUCINOGEN; a powerful hallucinogenic drug --> the emotions of an LSD trip vary from euphoria to detachment to panic |
| THC | the psychoactive ingredient in weed |
| Alcohol | CNS depressant; agonist with inhibitory GABA receptors (more inhibitory); antagonist to glutamate receptors (prevents from exciting the cell) * MEMORY DISRUPTION AND REDUCED SELF-AWARENESS |
| Opiate examples | morphine + heroine + oxycodone |
| Marijuana | HALLUCINOGEN; mild HALLUCINOGEN because it amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smell |
| Dopamine (Neuro) | influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion *EXCITING* |
| Serotonin (Neuro) | affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal *CALM* |
| GABA (Neuro) | major inhibitory neurotransmitter *seizure if no GABA *DANCE* |
| Glutamate | major excitatory neurotransmitter *I LIKE BIG BUTTS* |
| Substance P | involved in pain perception and immune response |
Created by:
lilli.spears1