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Unit 2 APUSH
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pocahontas | daughter of Chief Powhatan near Jamestown, was one of the first indigenous people to marry an Englishman (John Rolfe), convert to Christianity, and travel to England |
| John Rofle | settler at Jamestown who saved the Virginia colony from ruin by convincing the people to stop searching for gold and instead plant tobacco to sell back in England |
| James Oglethorpe | founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman, philanthropist who saw Georgia as a buffer against Spanish Florida and utopian society of economic equality and no slavery |
| Anne Hutchinson | religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in Massachusetts between 1636-8; her ideas became known as anti-nomianism and she was banished from the colony because of them |
| Roger Williams | banished from Massachusetts for challenging Puritan orthodoxy; he later established Rhode Island and helped institute ideals of religious toleration there |
| William Penn | a religiously persecuted Quaker back in England; in 1681 he received a charter to start the “holy experiment” of Pennsylvania, advertised his colony extensively as a place of religious toleration |
| John Winthrop | arriving in Massachusetts in 1630, he became the first governor of Massachusetts Bay colony; as evidence that he believed his people were chosen by God to set an example for the world he once said their endeavor would be “a shining city upon a hill” |
| Benjamin Franklin | born in 1706 in Boston, Franklin grew up in an instable family and was primarily self-educated; nonetheless, he distinguished himself first as a printer and publisher in Philadelphia, and later as a businessman, scientist, and political leader |
| Phillis Wheatley | born around 1753 in West Africa, she was enslaved at age 8 and brought to Boston; entirely self-educated, she distinguished herself by age 20 when a book of her poetry was published in England |
| House of Burgesses | the first representative assembly in the Americas; the London Company authorized Virginia settlers to select and summon this assembly |
| Slave Codes | by the mid-1600s a set of legal codes had been written down in various colonies defining and instituting slavery and, in the process, denying slaves basic rights |
| Yeoman | an owner and cultivator of a small farm (often family run) |
| Indentured Servitude | labor system that gradually replaced by slavery in America, whereby Europeans (primarily from England), would have their trip across the Atlantic paid for in return for a pre-determined number of years of free labor in the service of another Englishman |
| Iroquois Confederacy | a loose alliance of indigenous nations in the Northeast, founded in late 1500s to protect against European encroachment; before the Revolution |
| Pilgrims | a religious group that wanted to separate from England (“Separatists”); initially went to the Netherlands, but mistrusted Dutch emphasis on commercial trade so they founded the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 |
| Calvinism | set of beliefs established in 1500s by Protestant reformer John Calvin; followed by Puritans, it preached virtues of unadorned worship, strict morals, unswerving loyalty, pre-destination, and hard work |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | one of the first permanent settlements in New England established in 1630 by Puritans; it later absorbed the first New England colony of Plymouth (1620) |
| Navigation Act | in the 1660s, England began restricting colonial trade, saying colonists couldn’t trade with anyone except England |
| Puritans | a group of religious reformers who did not want to separate, but did want to “purify” the Church of England through Calvinism; eventually many moved to the Americas, planning to build their utopia there |
| Quakers | also called the Religious Society of Friends, they believed that religious authority lay with each individual, that all peoples are equal, that war was wicked, and that slavery was immoral; most settled in Pennsylvania |
| Mayflower Compact | a contract made in 1620 by the voyagers on the Mayflower agreeing to form a simple government where majority ruled |
| Fundamental Orders | in 1639, settlers in Connecticut established this constitution at an open meeting, thus creating the first constitution in the American colonies |
| Headright System | a way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner who paid an immigrants’ way; mainly found in southern colonies |
| Middle Passage | : middle segment of the forced journey that slaves were taken on from Africa to America through the 1600s; it consisted of the often-lethal trip across the Atlantic in crowded boats |
| Bacon's Rebellion | anti-government rebellion led in 1676 by Nathaniel Bacon, a who had recently immigrated to Virginia and was disgruntled that the governor had closed off land acquisition to whites in order to reduce conflicts with Native Americans his group burned the ca |
| Freak Great Awakening | a revival of religiosity occurring during the 1730s-40s that sparked a recommitment to various versions of Christianity amongst colonists |
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