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BIOLOGY 1 HONORS
STUDY STACK
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plant Cell | A eukaryotic cell that contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. |
| Animal Cell | A eukaryotic cell that does not have a cell wall or chloroplasts. |
| Cell Theory | All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| Eukaryotic Cell | A complex cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Prokaryotic Cell | A simple cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. |
| Unicellular | An organism made of only one cell. |
| Multicellular | An organism made of many specialized cells. |
| Eukaryotic | An organism made of eukaryotic cells, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. |
| Prokaryotic | An organism made of prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea. |
| Cell Membrane | A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Selectively Permable | Allows some substances to pass through while blocking others. |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like material inside the cell where organelles are located and many chemical reactions occur. |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell that contains DNA |
| Nuclear Membrane | A double membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus. |
| DNA | The molecule that carries genetic information and instructions for making proteins. |
| Chromatin | Uncoiled DNA found inside the nucleus |
| Chromosome | Condensed DNA that becomes visible during cell division. |
| Nucleolus | A structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made. |
| Ribosome | The organelle that builds proteins |
| Protein | A molecule made of amino acids that performs many functions in the cell. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membrane network with ribosomes that makes and transports proteins. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membrane network without ribosomes that makes lipids and detoxifies harmful substances |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies, sorts, packages, and ships proteins and lipids. |
| Vesicle | A small membrane-bound sac used for transporting materials in the cell. |
| Mitochondrion | The organelle that produces ATP through cellular respiration. |
| ATP | The main energy molecule used by cells |
| Cellular Respiration | The process that releases energy from glucose to produce ATP |
| Lysosome | An organelle containing digestive enzymes that breaks down waste and old cell parts. |
| Vacuole | A storage organelle that holds water, nutrients, and waste. |
| Central Vacuole | A large vacuole in plant cells that stores water and helps maintain turgor pressure |
| Chloroplast | The organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells. |
| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants use sunlight to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water. |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment inside chloroplasts that captures light energy. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection for plant cells. |
| Cellulose | The strong carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein fibers that gives the cell shape, support, and movement. |
| Microtubules | Hollow protein tubes that help maintain cell shape and move chromosomes during cell division. |
| Centrosome | The organelle that organizes microtubules during cell division in animal cells. |
| Centrioles | Structures inside the centrosome that help organize spindle fibers during cell division. |
| Cilia | Short hair-like structures that move the cell or move materials across the cell surface. |
| Flagellum | A long whip-like structure that helps a cell move. |
| Plasmid | A small circular DNA molecule found in many bacteria. |
| Organelle | A specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function. |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of stable internal conditions in a cell or organism. |
| Bacteria | Single-celled prokaryotic organisms. |
| Carbohydrate | Macromolecule used mainly for quick or short-term energy. |
| Monosaccharide | Monomer or building block of carbohydrates. |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide used by cells for energy. |
| Elements in Carbohydrates | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) |
| Main Function of Carbohydrates | Provide quick or short-term energy |
| Carbohydrate Ratio | Hydrogen and oxygen are usually in a 2:1 ratio |
| Examples of Carbohydrates | Sugars and starches |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides |
| Starch | Polysaccharide used by plants to store glucose |
| Glycogen | Polysaccharide used by animals to store glucose |
| Cellulose | Carbohydrate that provides structural support in plant cell walls |
| Photosynthesis Connection | Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis |
| Cellular Respiration Connection | Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis |
| Simple Sugar | Another name for a monosaccharide |
| Carbohydrate Identification | Look for CHO, sugars, starches, glucose, or a 1:2:1 |
| Lipid | Macromolecule used for long-term energy storage and cell membranes |
| Building Blocks of Lipids | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| Elements in Lipids | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) |
| Main Function of Lipids | Long-term energy storage |
| Other Functions of Lipids | Insulation, protection, and forming cell membranes |
| Examples of Lipids | Fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids |
| Fatty Acid | One of the building blocks of many lipids |
| Glycerol | Molecule that combines with fatty acids to form many lipids |
| Phospholipid | Major molecule that makes up the cell membrane |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Double layer of phospholipids forming the cell membrane |
| Hydrophobic | Repels or does not mix with water |
| Hydrophilic | Attracted to or interacts with water |
| Phospholipid Head | Hydrophilic part that interacts with water |
| Phospholipid Tails | Hydrophobic parts that avoid water |
| Saturated Fat | Fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds |
| Unsaturated Fat | Fatty acid with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds |
| Lipid Identification | Look for fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, glycerol, or phospholipids |
| Protein | Macromolecule important for enzymes, structure, growth, and repair |
| Amino Acid | Monomer or building block of proteins |
| Elements in Proteins | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON) |
| Main Functions of Proteins | Growth, repair, structure, transport, and enzymes |
| Enzyme | Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | Substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up |
| Substrate | Reactant that binds to an enzyme |
| Enzyme Function | Lowers activation energy and speeds up reactions |
| Denaturation | Change in protein shape that can cause loss of function |
| Peptide Bond | Bond connecting amino acids |
| Polypeptide | Long chain of amino acids |
| Protein Shape | The shape of a protein determines its functions |
| Protein Identification | Look for amino acids, enzymes, CHON, growth, or repair |
| Nucleic Acid | Macromolecule that stores and transmits genetic information |
| Nucleotide | Monomer or building block of nucleic acids |
| Elements in Nucleic Acids | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHONP) |
| Examples of Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| DNA | |
| RNA | |
| Nucleotide Parts | |
| DNA Sugar | |
| RNA Sugar | |
| DNA Bases | |
| RNA Bases | |
| DNA Base Pairing | |
| RNA Base Pairing | |
| DNA Structure | |
| Gene | |
| DNA Function | |
| Nucleic Acid Identification |
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