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PY142 Exam 1

Units 1-3

TermDefinition
Research like a Court Case 1) What's the evid 2) Is the evid consistent w/ claim 3) R there alt explanations
Types of Evidence Intuitions Authority Natural/Clinical Observations (personal anecdotes) Research Studies
Observational Studies No intervention, no cause and effect can be proven Quasi independent variable
Experimental Research Intervention; random assignment - proves cause and effect True independent variable
Independent Variable Variable/factor that's manipulated
Dependent variable Measurement/assessment not concept Always quantified (construct validity - degree to which test/measurement accurately measures the abstract - is important)
Operational definitions Define concepts based on operations used to measure it Can be through a test
Questions research methods answers Frequency Association (concurrent or predictive (retrospective or prospective)) Causation
Frequency Ask how and how did you choose who to ask How many, often, much Typically surveys/questionaires
Association In the presence of factor A, factor B is more/less likely Concurrent (side by side questions), Predictive ((prospective/cohort) or retrospective/case-control))
Prospective prediction Cohort study Look at something and then follow up in the future
Retrospective prediction Case-control Look at the patients with defect and compare to the controls, and then look at if they had the IV in life
Causation causes are probabilistic/contributatory, not deterministic, doesn't guarantee
Establishing Cause and Effect Association Temporal precedence Eliminate alternative explanations
Association in the presence of factor A, B is more likely
Temporal precedence Makes sure Cause comes before effect, not vice versa
Eliminate Alternative Explanations Assigning to groups (experimental study) Ultimate prover of establishing cause and effect
Validity Truth value
Numerical scale Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nominal NO magnitude, interval, or absolute zero
Ordinal Magnitude but NO interval, or absolute zero
Interval Magnitude and Interval, but NO absolute zero
Ratio Has a magnitude, interval, and absolute zero BEST for construct validity
Criteria for accuracy/Reliability Consistency - reproduce w/ measurement, necessary for validity but not sufficient for accuracy Validity - accuracy and truth value - is measurement appropriate and accurate
Reliability types Test- retest (give measurement more than once and get consistent results) Intra-rater reliability (agree w/ urself) Inter-rater reliability (someone else agree w/ u) Internal consistency/split-half
Validity Define what measure is for, gold standard to compare measure to
Validation types Criterion (gold standard) -Concurrent both measurement @ same time; self-report-> drug test -Predictive; test -> gold st (Sat-> Degree) Known groups Convergent/Discriminant (like inter-rated reliability) Archival record (inconsistent)
Open ended questions Pros - Can say wtv, explain, can tell research things they didn't know Cons- categorize/scoring answers, nonsense responses, something might not pop to mind
Close ended questions Pros- don't have to categorize/scoring answers, no nonsense responses, dont have to worry abt something not popping to mind Cons- categorize/scoring answers, nonsense responses, something might not pop to mind
Close ended questions Exhaustive list (all possible answers) Mutually exclusive categories Symmetrical scale
Writing question guidelines Easy words, short, painfully clear questions, AVOID double barreled questions, AVOID Biased/leading questions, AVOID negatives
 

 



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