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bio exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Distinguish living from non-living things. | 1. made of one or more cells, 2. maintains homeostasis, 3. acquire and transform energy and matter, 4. contain heritable information, 5. uses that information to build and maintain themselves, 6. sense and respond to their environment,.. |
| distinguish living things from non living things (continued) | 7.can grow and reproduce, 8. are capable of evolution by natural selection across generations-adaptations |
| nderstand the hierarchical organization of living systems gives rise to functional properties. | atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ. |
| Describe the five unifying concepts of biology. | see notes number 1 |
| what are isotopes | elements with different types of neutrons |
| what are ions | ab element that has an unequal amount of protons and neutrons |
| what are valence electrons | electrons in the outer shell that is used in forming bonds |
| what is oxidation | a chemical reaction where an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons |
| what isreduction | a chemical reaction where an atom, ion, or molecule gains and electrons |
| what is electronegativity | a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons toward itself in a chemical bond |
| hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic | hydrophillic is polar and water loving, hydrophobic doesn't like water and is non polar |
| what does acid and base mean? | chemical opposites that control the acidity levels needed for life processes and enzyme functions in living organisms |
| buffer | an aqueous solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added |
| Determine an atom's general structure based on its atomic number or atomic mass. | atomic number is is the number of protons, atomic weight is when you add the number of protons and the number of neutrons. |
| Explain how an electron’s potential energy is related to its distance from the nucleus | an electrons potential energy increases as the distance from the nucleus increases. |
| covalent bonds | shared electrons, the strongest type of bonds, |
| ionic bonds | opposite charges attract, second strongest bond |
| hydrogen bonds | when partial charged regions react with each other. |
| hydrophobic interactions | interactions where the element stays away from water. third strongest |
| vanderwal interactions | when two molecules are very close to each other, forms a temporary dipole. weakest bond. |
| Explain how the different properties of water help keep organisms alive. | high specific heat- for fish to live under the ice in the winter. high heat of vaporization- when humans sweat the water is there to cool us off, it makes everything cooler. |
| Understand why Carbon makes up the framework of all biological macromolecules. | its four valence electrons allow it to build stable, diverse, and complex covalent networks |
| Classify monosaccharides & nucleotides based on their structural features. | see notes 4. |
| Predict composition of nucleotides in DNA given percentage of purine/pyrimidines or specific bases. | pruines: adenine and guanine, double ring structure. pyrimidines; thymine cytosine and uracil, single ring structure smaller than prunines. |
| Explain why certain factors (temp, pH, salt) can unfold proteins. | salt: because it has a charge, temp because the molecules move faster they have a change to break bonds. PH; because it has a charge |
| Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. | saturated means solid at room temp, high melting point, and they don't have a double bond: unsaturated fats, have a double bond. and a slight turn in the structure. |
| Recognize cis and trans conformations of double bonds. | trans is where they H atoms are on opposite sides, cis- is where the H atoms are one the same side, cis has a lot more of a bent configuration compared to trans. |
| Explain why triglycerides are the preferred molecule for long-term energy storage | it is because the have more tails, and they don't like water so they have more space to hold water. |
| Predict how temperature and saturation of fatty acids will impact membrane fluidity. | |
| Describe how membranes form and why they are characterized by the fluid mosaic model. | membranes have two parts, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, there is water in and outside of the cell so the hydrophilic heads are on the outside because they like water, and the tails are on the inside because they don't like water. |
| fluid mosaic model? | the fluid mosaic model is a model that shows the membrane of a cell where different molecules float on top and there are transport proteins who are bringing things in and our of the cell. |
| simple diffusion vs facilitated diffusion | both are forms of passive transport: simple diffusion bring smaller molecules from high to low concentration while facilitated diffusion brings bigger atoms from high to low concentration. |
| passive vs active transport; | passive transpot is transport without using energy where active transport requires energy to move. |
| carrier proteins vs channel proteins. | carrier proteins are like a revolving door where they let one thing in at a time, channel proteins are like a hallways where things can flow throughout them. |
| Determine which types of solutes can be transported across a membrane through each type of transport |
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