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RTEC
Week 3
| Question | Answer | Answer | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|
| What are the 3 interactions in the x-ray tube? | Heat | BREMS | Characteristic Interaction |
| What are the 3 primary techniques? | mAs | kVp | SID |
| Is Cation positive or negative? (Ion) | Positive ( + ) | ||
| Is Anion positive or negative? (ion) | Negative ( - ) | ||
| Is Cathode positive or negative? (x-ray tube) | Negative | ||
| Is Anode positive or negative? (x-ray tube) | Positive | ||
| What is a tube housing made of? | Lead lined, metal housing | ||
| Difference between inside and outside the x-ray room | Not good for radiation safety, radiation will scatter/reflect | Side room within the room, with a lead glass window to monitor patients and monitor x-rays | |
| What happens when x-rays hit lead? | Does not pass through, it stops | ||
| What is a port/a window? | A hole where x-rays exit (Primary beam) | ||
| What are the other ports on the tube housing for? | Input for wiring, due to using kilovoltage | ||
| What are the two anodes? | Rotating anode | Stationary anode | |
| Explain the difference between the Rotating & Stationary anode | A disk "frisbee" that spins to dissipate heat | A flat surface that does not spin | |
| How is an x-ray beam produced? | Cathode produces electrons, which shoot towards rotating anode, and causes the 3 interactions | ||
| Glass envelope | An outline containing both anodes, cathode, and is glass pyrex | ||
| Glass pyrex | Dissipate (scatter) heat | ||
| Cathode | Tungsten filament "focusing cup" | ||
| Anode | Tungsten target | ||
| Functions of cathode | Current runs through and glows very hot red. Associated with milliamps, determining how many electrons are boiled off | ||
| Function of anode | Electrons boiled off slam into either anode, which is set at a specific target angle reflecting down through port window | ||
| Thermionic Emission | When electrons are boiled off | ||
| Molybdenum | Neck of anode, holding base of it | ||
| Purpose of rotors | Spins | ||
| Purpose of strators | Magnets (uses electromagnetism to spin rotor) | ||
| Tungsten | Needs to be a high atomic number type material to | Has high melting points | |
| Remnant beam | x-ray scattered, but some go through | ||
| Photon | smallest quantity of electromagnetic radiation | ||
| Carbon atom has how many protons and electrons? | 6 protons and 6 electrons, making it neutral | ||
| What do unlike charges do? | Attract | ||
| What do like charges do? | Repel | ||
| How are energy (photons) released? | Electrons have vacancy from being knocked out. | ||
| What happens with the outer shells when there is a vacancy? | Want to get closer to the nucleus and fill in the vacancy | ||
| How is x-ray photon symbolized? | Squiggly line | ||
| How is electrons symbolized? | Straight line | ||
| What happens when the electron is closer to the nucleus? | It becomes a stronger bond | ||
| How many protons and electrons of the tungsten atom orbit the nucleus | 74 protons and 74 electrons | ||
| What does kev stand for and what does it do? | kilo electron volts | symbolizes how strong a bond is | |
| What is the first shell and what is the strength of it? | K Shell - only 2 electrons | It shares the strongest bond with the nucleus | |
| How many kev does the first shell have? | 69.5 kev | ||
| What is the furthest outer shell called and what is the strength of it? | P Shell | It is not as strong | |
| How strong of kvp is needed to break a bond | 69.5 kvp | ||
| What happens when a bond breaks? | A vacancy is created and electrons jump closer, creating an x-ray photon | ||
| What is the anode disk mainly made out of? | Graphite | ||
| What happens when the tungsten target is constantly being hit? | Causes pitting in anode, decreasing efficiency of it and would need to be replaced | Causes immense amount of heat | |
| Heat tube interaction | 99% | Extremely inefficient | |
| x-ray tube interaction | 1% | Given to patients | |
| What are the two separate interactions or subinteractions? | Brems | Characteristics | |
| Brems tube interaction | 80% | ||
| Characteristics tube interaction | 20% | ||
| How is heat created (infrared radiation)? | Electrons repels & creates friction | ||
| How is an x-ray photon created? | Particle of electron doesn't encounter other electron, partially gets attracted to nucleus but changes direction, and keeps going | ||
| Do electrons get knocked out of shell during the creation of x-ray photons? | No, they just pass through, become slightly attracted to nucleus, but then decides to keep going | ||
| What happens during a characteristic interaction | Electron approaches tungsten atom and hits other electron, knocking it out of inner orbit | Electrons in other shells get attracted to vacancy and want to fill it in, creating an x-ray photon | |
| How strong is a photon if electron moved from shell neighboring the vacancy? | It is not that strong because it didn't take too much energy to jump - Long wave. low freq. | ||
| How strong is the photon if electron moved from outer shell? | Strong, because it took a lot of energy to fill in vacancy - high freq. & short wave. | ||
| What is required for an x-ray production | source of electrons (tungsten filament through thermionic emission) | means to accelerate (electron coming in high speed and hitting anode target) | force to stop quickly (anode disk itself - tungsten atoms) |
| What happens when the x-ray production is stopped | Heat, brem, and characteristic occurs - creating x-ray photons | ||
| What does mAs stand for | milliamperes per second | ||
| What is A in mAs | amperage: in homes | ||
| What is m in mAs | milliamps: in x-ray tubes (small, 1000 times smaller than amperage) | ||
| What does mAs control | Quantity or amount of x-ray photons, how many electrons boiling off | ||
| If the mAs is low, what happens? If the mAs is high, what happens? | Not many electrons are boiled off | A lot of electrons are boiled off | |
| What does mAs do? | Affects how dark/black/dense an image is on film | ||
| What happens with upped mAs, ex. 20 | It is double dark - twice as dark | ||
| kVp | kilo voltage peak (40-120kVp) | ||
| What does kVp control? | Quality - how fast electrons accelerate toward anode | ||
| Is the kVp slow or fast when it is low | Slow, considered to be "walking to the anode" | ||
| SID | Source to image distance | ||
| What does SID determine | How far the x-ray tube to the image receptor is | ||
| What is the typical distance for SID | 40 inch or 72 inch | ||
| What does the curved line symbolize? | Bending of electrons | ||
| What is useful radiation photons (Exit/Remnant Radiation)? | Photons going straight through patient and on image receptor. A shadow is casted of bones perfectly | ||
| Is scatter good for imaging? | No. It creates grainess/degradation | ||
| What does a grid do? | Removes scatter - Stops scattered photons from reaching image receptor, "bad x-rays" | ||
| What is a grid made out of? | A series of lead strips | ||
| What does Inverse Square law do? | Calculate the x-ray intensity at different distances | ||
| How much is the dose reduced as you get further away from radiation/xray beam? | Doubled distance 1/4 its original amount (25%) | ||
| What does Frequency, Wavelength, and Velocity determine? | How frequent the waves are | The distance between waves | The speed the waves travel at |
| When frequency goes DOWN, wavelength goes | Up (weaker waves) | ||
| When frequency goes UP, wavelength goes | Down (stronger waves) | ||
| What happens when the frequency is higher? | It is more penetrating | ||
| Can radiowaves penetrate through the body? | No | ||
| What does the x-ray table do and what is it made of? | The only thing that can move, and floats - Functions foot and hand release | Carbon fiber (radiolucent - xrays can easily pass) | |
| What are the two movement directions | Transverse | Longitudinal | |
| How does transverse movement move? | Left to right | ||
| How does longitudinal movement move? | Head to toe | ||
| What does the x ray tube use | High voltage (kilovoltage) thick cables. 1000 x regular voltage | ||
| What are the two terminals on the x ray tube | Anode and cathode | ||
| What is below the x ray tube? | Collimator | ||
| What does the collimator do? | Limits size of primary beam, making into certain body shape | ||
| What is a table bucky? | Lays underneath patient when pushed back in, everything lines up so tube shoots onto image receptor and receives photons | ||
| What is a generator? | Powers energy from wires, needs to be converted from wall (volts) > generator > spits out kilovolts (kVp) | ||
| What are DR batteries? | Wireless digital receptor batteries on top of generator that slides into DR detector and powers on. "Square shaped/tablet" | ||
| What is a wall bucky? | standing type xrays/exams. can slide up and down depending on height | ||
| What are types of image receptors? | FS cassette | CR cassette | DR Plate |
| What is FS cassette and what does it stand for? | Film Screen Cassette - "book" puts film inside, light-tight. primary beam comes down in it and needs to be done in a dark room | ||
| What is CR cassette and what does it stand for? | Computed Radiography Cassette - No longer requires a dark room, avoid shooting photons photons on backside due to lead backing - wanting to prevent xrays going through other side | ||
| What is DR plate and what does it stand for? | Digital Radiography plate - instant imaging - requires efficient lithium ion batteries | ||
| What do cassette holders do? | Sides that close & clamp cassette to hold in place. Sometimes perform cross-table (across, horizontal) instead of down | ||
| What is c-arm? | Fluoroscopy machine that shoots live xrays if desired, can move in any direction | ||
| What does a surgical mobile x ray machine do? | Take one picture or live x rays | ||
| Portable x ray machine | Only shoots one x ray at a time and no live x rays | ||
| Conventional R/F Room (Radiography/Fluorscopy) | Radiologist is in room with patient, screen is viewed next to patient. Can help with positioning and usually used in Fluoroscopy exams. | ||
| What is the Hazard in Conventional R/F room? | The patient being the largest radiation scatter source | ||
| How can you protect yourself in a Conventional R/F room? | Lead curtains/drapes | ||
| Remote R/F room | Radiologist is behind a lead window being protected from radiation | ||
| What is the Hazard in a Remote R/F room | Not in contact with patient, can be a liability | ||
| What is the control panel | The ability to select technique of combining kVp and mAs | Can select different body parts and positions of the patient | |
| What kind of demographic information does the control panel need? | First & Last Name | DOB & Gender, When exam was done | Location in Hospital/Department Name, Ordering Physician |
| Types of Image Processing | FS - dark room | CR - CR Processor | DR - instant image |
| What is a CR Processor | A slot where CR Cassette slides in, takes 2-3 minutes to process, analyze image, and shows up on computer screen | ||
| What does a light tight bin do? | Store film - avoid opening when light is on, would mess up film | ||
| What is film made out of? | Silver and other components | ||
| What are Packs? | Archive of x-rays | ||
| What do Grids/Grid Caps do and what are they made of? | Reduce scatter radiation - scattered photons get intercepted by strips and does not reach image receptor | Lead and acrylic strips (columns) | |
| What is required when using Grids to patients | Higher doses to produce higher quality images | ||
| What do sponges do? | Help position patients | ||
| What does dosimeter do? | Measures how much radiation is being received | A "clip" where x-ray photons hit, stores data, and provide a report. | Measures but does not protect against radiation exposure |
| What is a caliper? | A metal piece that slides across long axis that can measure thickness of body parts | ||
| When is it determined that we use a grid? | If a body part is greater than 10cm | ||
| What happens when you have a thicker patient | Creates more scatter | ||
| What are Phantoms/Pixies? | Models/skeletons that you can practice positioning on | ||
| What is a form of electromagnetic radiation? | Highly penetrating invisible rays | ||
| What makes x rays not affected by either electric of magnetic fields | Being electrically neutral | ||
| How can xrays be produced | Energies and wavelengths | ||
| What is released in very small amounts of that pass through matter | Heat | ||
| How do x rays travel | A straight line | ||
| How fast do x rays travel | At the speed of light (3x10^8) | ||
| What can xrays do to matter | Ionize it | ||
| What do xrays cause in certain crystals | Fluoroscence | ||
| Can xrays be focused by a lens | No | ||
| What can xrays affect | Photographic film | ||
| What can xrays produce changes in matter through ionization excitation? | Chemical and biological | ||
| What can xrays produce | Secondary and scatter radiation |
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