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Stack #4714812
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Earth system | Earth systems are the major interconnected components that make up our planet, traditionally divided by scientists into four primary "spheres": the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. |
| geosphere | The geosphere is the solid, rocky part of the Earth that includes the crust, mantle, core, and all surface landforms |
| hydrosphere | The hydrosphere is the total amount of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet |
| cryosphere | The cryosphere is the frozen water part of the Earth system, including all ice, snow, and permafrost found on land, water, and in the ground |
| atmosphere | An atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding Earth or another celestial body, held in place by gravity |
| biosphere | The biosphere is the narrow zone on, above, and below Earth's surface where all life exists, stretching from deep ocean trenches to high mountaintops |
| energy budget | An energy budget is an accounting balance sheet that tracks all energy inputs and outputs within a specific system |
| air pressure | Air pressure is the force exerted by air molecules pushing against a surface, caused by the weight of the atmosphere pressing down due to gravity |
| thermosphere | The thermosphere is the layer of Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere, spanning from about 50 to 370-620 miles (80 to 600-1,000 km) above Earth's surface |
| mesosphere | The Mesosphere is the third layer of Earth's Atmosphere, located directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere |
| stratosphere | The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, located directly above the troposphere and below the mesosphere |
| troposphere | The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the ground up to about 5 to 11 miles high. |
| ozone layer | The ozone layer is a region of the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone gas and acts as an invisible shield protecting life from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. |
| greenhouse effect | The greenhouse effect is the natural process where certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun and keep our planet warm enough to support life. You can learn more about this process from NASA Science. |
| temperature | Temperature is a physical property that measures the degree of hotness or coldness expressed on a standardized scale, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance. |
| thermal energy | Thermal energy is the total energy of the moving atoms and molecules inside an object or system. |
| thermal expansion | Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in size, area, or volume in response to a change in temperature. |
| heat | Heat means energy that transfers from one object or system to another because of a difference in temperature. |
| radiation | Radiation is the release and travel of energy in the form of moving waves or tiny particles. |
| convection | Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of heated fluids, such as liquids or gases. Learn more about the core mechanics on Britannica. |
| conduction | Conduction is the transfer of energy (like heat or electricity) through matter via direct contact between adjacent atoms or particles. |
| wind | Wind most commonly means the natural movement of air blowing horizontally across the earth's surface. |
| Coriolis effect | The Coriolis effect is an apparent curved path of long-distance moving objects caused by the rotation of the Earth. |
| global wind | Global winds are steady air currents that blow continuously across long distances around the Earth. |
| jet stream | A jet stream is a fast-flowing, narrow river of strong wind high in the Earth's atmosphere. |
| local wind | Local winds are small-scale air movements that blow over short distances and are driven by local temperature differences and geographical features. |
| ocean current | Ocean currents are continuous, directed movements of seawater that flow through the ocean like rivers. |
| surface current | surface current is a continuous, horizontal movement of ocean water in the top layer of the sea (typically the upper 400 to 1,000 meters) driven primarily by global wind friction. |
| deep current | Deep currents are continuous, slow-moving flows of water far below the ocean surface. |
| convection current | Convection currents are continuous, circular loops of fluid motion driven by differences in temperature and density. |
| upwelling | Upwelling is an oceanographic process where strong winds and Earth's rotation push warm surface water away from an area, allowing deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to rise up and replace it. |
Created by:
Christophe Deralus