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ESS HL Term 3
ESS IB 2024 Syllabus
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What should you know about movements of water in the hydrosphere? | Movements of water in the hydrosphere are driven by solar radiation and gravity. |
| What should you know about global hydrological cycle? | The global hydrological cycle operates as a system with stores and flows. |
| What should you know about main stores in the hydrological cycle? | The main stores in the hydrological cycle are oceans, glaciers and ice caps, groundwater, surface freshwater, the atmosphere and organisms. |
| What should you know about flows in the hydrological cycle? | Flows in the hydrological cycle include transpiration, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, advection, precipitation, melting, freezing, surface run-off, infiltration, percolation, streamflow and groundwater flow. |
| What should you know about human activities, such as agriculture, deforestation and urbanization? | Human activities, such as agriculture, deforestation and urbanization, can alter hydrological flows and stores. |
| What should you know about steady state of any water body? | The steady state of any water body can be demonstrated through flow diagrams of inputs and outputs. |
| What should you know about water? | Water has unique physical and chemical properties that support and sustain life. |
| What should you know about oceans? | The oceans act as a carbon sink by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sequestering it. |
| What should you know about short-term dissolved carbon dioxide? | Short-term dissolved carbon dioxide causes ocean acidification; longer-term carbon is stored in biomass and seabed sediments. |
| What should you know about water temperature? | Water temperature varies with depth, and density differences restrict mixing and cause persistent stratification. |
| What should you know about stratification? | Stratification occurs in deep water bodies, with a thermocline between warm surface water and cooler deep water. |
| What should you know about global warming and salinity changes? | Global warming and salinity changes have increased the intensity of ocean stratification. |
| What should you know about upwellings? | Upwellings bring cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface in oceans and freshwater bodies. |
| What should you know about thermohaline circulation? | Thermohaline circulation is driven by temperature and salinity differences and distributes heat around the world. |
| What should you know about water pollution? | Water pollution has multiple sources and major impacts on marine and freshwater systems. |
| What should you know about plastic debris? | Plastic debris is accumulating in marine environments and requires prevention and clean-up management. |
| What should you know about water quality? | Water quality measures chemical, physical and biological characteristics and can inform pollution management. |
| What should you know about biochemical oxygen demand? | Biochemical oxygen demand is the dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic material in water. |
| What should you know about eutrophication? | Eutrophication occurs when waters receive excess mineral nutrients, especially nitrates and phosphates. |
| What should you know about eutrophication? | Eutrophication causes excessive phytoplankton growth, decomposition, oxygen depletion and death of aquatic life. |
| What should you know about eutrophication? | Eutrophication can substantially affect ecosystem services, including fisheries, recreation, aesthetics and health. |
| What should you know about eutrophication? | Eutrophication can be managed by reducing pollutant-producing activities, reducing releases and restoring ecosystems. |
| What should you know about water pollutants? | Water pollutants include organic matter, dissolved substances, persistent chemicals, plastics and heat energy. |
| What should you know about some harmful algal blooms? | Some harmful algal blooms produce toxins that threaten humans and other animals. |
| What should you know about anoxic and hypoxic waters? | Anoxic and hypoxic waters are likely to increase due to warming, stratification, sewage disposal and eutrophication. |
| What should you know about sewage? | Sewage is treated for safe effluent release through primary, secondary and tertiary stages. |
| What should you know about pollution-tolerant and pollution-sensitive species? | Pollution-tolerant and pollution-sensitive species can be used as indicator species. |
| What should you know about biotic index indirectly? | A biotic index indirectly measures water quality using species tolerance, abundance and diversity. |
| What should you know about overall water quality? | Overall water quality can be assessed by calculating a water quality index. |
| What should you know about drinking-water guidelines? | Drinking-water guidelines are set by the WHO, while local governments can set statutory standards. |
| What should you know about individuals and citizen groups? | Individuals and citizen groups can act to reduce water pollution. |
| What should you know about atmosphere? | The atmosphere is the boundary between Earth and space, and its composition and processes support life. |
| What should you know about differential atmospheric heating? | Differential atmospheric heating creates tricellular circulation that redistributes heat from equator to poles. |
| What should you know about greenhouse gases and aerosols? | Greenhouse gases and aerosols absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from Earth's surface. |
| What should you know about natural greenhouse effect? | The natural greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm enough for life; human-added greenhouse gases enhance warming. |
| What should you know about atmosphere? | The atmosphere is a dynamic system shaped by continuous physical and chemical processes. |
| What should you know about gravity holds atmospheric molecules near earth, so the atmosphere? | Gravity holds atmospheric molecules near Earth, so the atmosphere thins with increasing altitude. |
| What should you know about milankovitch cycles? | Milankovitch cycles alter incoming solar radiation and drive long-term climate cycles. |
| What should you know about global warming? | Global warming is moving Earth beyond the Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycle toward hotter conditions. |
| What should you know about life changed atmospheric composition? | Life changed atmospheric composition, which in turn influenced the evolution of life. |
| What should you know about this environmental process or concept? | The Sun emits electromagnetic radiation across wavelengths from radio waves to gamma radiation. |
| What should you know about shorter-wavelength ultraviolet radiation? | Shorter-wavelength ultraviolet radiation has higher frequency and energy and poses greater danger to life. |
| What should you know about stratospheric ozone? | Stratospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation and protects organisms from harmful effects. |
| What should you know about ultraviolet radiation reduces phytoplankton photosynthesis and damages dna? | Ultraviolet radiation reduces phytoplankton photosynthesis and damages DNA, tissues and eyes. |
| What should you know about ozone concentration? | Ozone concentration remains relatively constant through steady-state equilibrium between formation and destruction. |
| What should you know about ozone-depleting substances? | Ozone-depleting substances destroy ozone and augment natural ozone breakdown. |
| What should you know about ozone depletion? | Ozone depletion allows more UVB to reach Earth's surface, affecting ecosystems and human health. |
| What should you know about montreal protocol? | The Montreal Protocol regulates CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances through international cooperation. |
| What should you know about this environmental process or concept? | Actions under the Montreal Protocol prevented the stratospheric ozone planetary boundary from being crossed. |
| What should you know about ozone-depleting substances? | Ozone-depleting substances release halogens that break down stratospheric ozone. |
| What should you know about polar stratospheric ozone depletion? | Polar stratospheric ozone depletion occurs in spring because of unique chemical and atmospheric conditions. |
| What should you know about hfcs replaced cfcs but? | HFCs replaced CFCs but are potent greenhouse gases controlled by the Kigali Amendment. |
| What should you know about air conditioners? | Air conditioners are energy-intensive, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and traditionally contained ozone-depleting substances. |
| What should you know about natural-resource? | Natural-resource use generates waste that can be classified by source or type. |
| What should you know about solid domestic waste typically? | Solid domestic waste typically contains diverse materials. |
| What should you know about waste volume and composition? | Waste volume and composition vary over time and between societies due to multiple factors. |
| What should you know about waste production, treatment and management? | Waste production, treatment and management have environmental and social impacts, sometimes far from the source. |
| What should you know about pollution? | Pollution occurs when waste is added faster than ecosystems can degrade or transform it harmlessly. |
| What should you know about preventative waste-management strategies? | Preventative waste-management strategies are more sustainable than restorative strategies. |
| What should you know about waste-disposal options? | Waste-disposal options have different social and ecological advantages and disadvantages. |
| What should you know about societies? | Societies can promote sustainable solid domestic waste management through policy, education and access. |
| What should you know about circular-economy principles? | Circular-economy principles provide a holistic perspective on sustainable waste management. |
| What should you know about urban air pollution? | Urban air pollution includes NOx, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter from human activities. |
| What should you know about primary pollutants come from both natural and anthropogenic sources.? | Primary pollutants come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. |
| What should you know about common urban air pollutants? | Common urban air pollutants are directly or indirectly derived from fossil-fuel combustion. |
| What should you know about range of management and intervention strategies? | A range of management and intervention strategies can reduce urban air pollution. |
| What should you know about nox and sulfur dioxide react with water and oxygen to? | NOx and sulfur dioxide react with water and oxygen to form acids that cause acid rain. |
| What should you know about acid rain? | Acid rain affects terrestrial and freshwater ecology, human health and buildings. |
| What should you know about sulfur dioxide and nox? | Sulfur dioxide and NOx can be managed by changing activities, controlling releases and restoring systems. |
| What should you know about photochemical smog? | Photochemical smog forms when sunlight transforms primary pollutants into secondary pollutants. |
| What should you know about meteorological and topographical factors? | Meteorological and topographical factors can intensify photochemical smog formation. |
| What should you know about tropospheric ozone? | Tropospheric ozone has direct biological and physical impacts. |
| What should you know about indirect impacts of tropospheric ozone? | Indirect impacts of tropospheric ozone include societal costs and lost economic output. |
| What should you know about biosphere? | The biosphere is an ecological system composed of individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems. |
| What should you know about individual organism? | An individual organism is a member of a species. |
| What should you know about classification? | Classification allows efficient identification of organisms and prediction of characteristics. |
| What should you know about taxonomists? | Taxonomists use tools such as keys, reference collections and DNA surveys to identify organisms. |
| What should you know about population? | A population is a group of interbreeding organisms of the same species in the same area and time. |
| What should you know about population distribution? | Population distribution is determined by abiotic and biotic factors. |
| What should you know about abiotic factors such as temperature, light, ph, salinity, oxygen and soil texture? | Abiotic factors such as temperature, light, pH, salinity, oxygen and soil texture affect species distributions. |
| What should you know about niche? | A niche is the set of abiotic and biotic conditions and resources on which an organism depends. |
| What should you know about populations? | Populations interact through herbivory, predation, parasitism, mutualism, disease and competition. |
| What should you know about carrying capacity? | Carrying capacity is the maximum population size supported by limited resources. |
| What should you know about density-dependent factors and negative feedback? | Density-dependent factors and negative feedback regulate population size. |
| What should you know about population growth? | Population growth can be exponential or limited by carrying capacity. |
| What should you know about human populations? | Human populations have removed many limiting factors, with consequences for ecosystem sustainability. |
| What should you know about human carrying capacity? | Human carrying capacity is difficult to assess because the human niche is broad and changing. |
| What should you know about population abundance? | Population abundance can be estimated using random, systematic or transect sampling. |
| What should you know about random quadrat sampling? | Random quadrat sampling estimates abundance of non-mobile organisms. |
| What should you know about capture-mark-release-recapture and the lincoln index? | Capture-mark-release-recapture and the Lincoln index estimate mobile-organism population size. |
| What should you know about community? | A community is a collection of interacting populations within an ecosystem. |
| What should you know about habitat? | A habitat is the location where a community, species, population or organism lives. |
| What should you know about ecosystems? | Ecosystems are open systems in which energy and matter enter and exit. |
| What should you know about sustainability? | Sustainability is a natural property of ecosystems when inputs and outputs remain balanced. |
| What should you know about human activity? | Human activity can push ecosystem stability beyond tipping points. |
| What should you know about keystone species? | Keystone species have a disproportionate role in ecosystem sustainability. |
| What should you know about planetary-boundaries model indicates that biosphere integrity? | The planetary-boundaries model indicates that biosphere integrity has passed a critical threshold. |
| What should you know about loss of biosphere integrity must be reversed to avoid critical tipping points.? | Loss of biosphere integrity must be reversed to avoid critical tipping points. |
| What should you know about clade-based classification illustrates evolutionary relationships and common ancestry.? | Clade-based classification illustrates evolutionary relationships and common ancestry. |
| What should you know about traditional taxonomic hierarchies do not always match evolutionary divergence.? | Traditional taxonomic hierarchies do not always match evolutionary divergence. |
| What should you know about species? | A species has a potential fundamental niche and an actual realized niche. |
| What should you know about life cycles? | Life cycles vary in reproductive behaviour and lifespan, including r-selected and K-selected strategies. |
| What should you know about classification, niche requirements and life cycles help? | Classification, niche requirements and life cycles help explain human impacts on species. |
| What should you know about ecosystems? | Ecosystems are sustained by supplies and exchanges of energy and matter. |
| What should you know about energy? | Energy can be transformed but cannot be created or destroyed. |
| What should you know about photosynthesis and cellular respiration? | Photosynthesis and cellular respiration transform energy and matter in ecosystems. |
| What should you know about photosynthesis? | Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in glucose and biomass. |
| What should you know about producers? | Producers form the first trophic level in food chains. |
| What should you know about cellular respiration? | Cellular respiration releases usable chemical energy from glucose. |
| What should you know about some chemical energy released during respiration? | Some chemical energy released during respiration is transformed into heat. |
| What should you know about second law of thermodynamics states that ecosystem energy transformations? | The second law of thermodynamics states that ecosystem energy transformations are inefficient. |
| What should you know about consumers? | Consumers gain chemical energy from organic compounds obtained from other organisms. |
| What should you know about producers? | Producers start food chains, while consumers form subsequent trophic levels. |
| What should you know about carbon compounds and their energy? | Carbon compounds and their energy pass between organisms through trophic levels. |
| What should you know about energy and organic matter? | Energy and organic matter are lost during transfer along food chains. |
| What should you know about gross productivity? | Gross productivity is total biomass gain; net productivity is the remainder after respiration losses. |
| What should you know about energy losses? | Energy losses limit the number of trophic levels in ecosystems. |
| What should you know about food webs? | Food webs represent complex trophic relationships in communities. |
| What should you know about trophic-level biomass? | Trophic-level biomass can be measured using collected and dried samples. |
| What should you know about ecological pyramids? | Ecological pyramids represent relative numbers, biomass or energy across trophic levels. |
| What should you know about persistent pollutants? | Persistent pollutants cause bioaccumulation and biomagnification in ecosystems. |
| What should you know about microplastics? | Microplastics absorb non-biodegradable pollutants and increase their transmission through food chains. |
| What should you know about human activities? | Human activities alter energy flows and matter transfers in ecosystems. |
| What should you know about autotrophs? | Autotrophs synthesize carbon compounds; heterotrophs obtain them from other organisms. |
| What should you know about photoautotrophs? | Photoautotrophs use light, while chemoautotrophs use exothermic inorganic reactions. |
| What should you know about primary productivity? | Primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced using external energy and inorganic materials. |
| What should you know about secondary productivity? | Secondary productivity is consumer biomass gain from absorbed and assimilated food. |
| What should you know about net primary productivity? | Net primary productivity is the sustainably available basis of food chains. |
| What should you know about maximum sustainable yield equals the net primary or secondary productivity of a system.? | Maximum sustainable yield equals the net primary or secondary productivity of a system. |
| What should you know about sustainable yields? | Sustainable yields are higher at lower trophic levels. |
| What should you know about ecological efficiency? | Ecological efficiency is the percentage of energy passed from one trophic level to the next. |
| What should you know about second law of thermodynamics? | The second law of thermodynamics explains increasing entropy as biomass passes through ecosystems. |
| What should you know about biogeochemical cycles? | Biogeochemical cycles keep chemical elements available to living organisms. |
| What should you know about biogeochemical cycles? | Biogeochemical cycles contain stores, sinks and sources. |
| What should you know about organic and inorganic carbon stores? | Organic and inorganic carbon stores occur in organisms, fossil fuels, atmosphere, soils and oceans. |
| What should you know about carbon flows through photosynthesis? | Carbon flows through photosynthesis, feeding, defecation, respiration, death and decomposition. |
| What should you know about carbon sequestration captures atmospheric carbon dioxide and stores it in solid or liquid? | Carbon sequestration captures atmospheric carbon dioxide and stores it in solid or liquid form. |
| What should you know about ecosystems? | Ecosystems can act as carbon stores, sinks or sources. |
| What should you know about fossil fuels? | Fossil fuels are long-term carbon stores that become carbon sources when burned. |
| What should you know about agricultural systems? | Agricultural systems can be carbon stores, sources or sinks depending on management. |
| What should you know about oceans? | Oceans absorb carbon dioxide by dissolution and release it when it leaves solution. |
| What should you know about dissolved carbon dioxide? | Dissolved carbon dioxide causes ocean acidification and harms marine animals. |
| What should you know about measures? | Measures are required to reduce human impacts on the carbon cycle. |
| What should you know about lithosphere stores carbon in fossil fuels and carbonate rocks.? | The lithosphere stores carbon in fossil fuels and carbonate rocks. |
| What should you know about corals and molluscs? | Corals and molluscs contain calcium carbonate that can become fossilized in limestone. |
| What should you know about past partially decomposed organisms became fossilized as coal? | Past partially decomposed organisms became fossilized as coal, oil and natural gas. |
| What should you know about methanogenic bacteria? | Methanogenic bacteria produce methane from dead organic matter under anaerobic conditions. |
| What should you know about methane? | Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with an atmospheric residence time of about ten years. |
| What should you know about nitrogen cycle? | The nitrogen cycle contains organic and inorganic stores. |
| What should you know about bacteria perform essential nitrogen-cycle processes.? | Bacteria perform essential nitrogen-cycle processes. |
| What should you know about denitrification? | Denitrification occurs only under anaerobic conditions, such as waterlogged soils. |
| What should you know about plants access atmospheric nitrogen through mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.? | Plants access atmospheric nitrogen through mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. |
| What should you know about nitrogen-cycle flows? | Nitrogen-cycle flows include uptake, consumption, excretion, death, decomposition and ammonification. |
| What should you know about deforestation, agriculture, aquaculture and urbanization? | Deforestation, agriculture, aquaculture and urbanization alter the nitrogen cycle. |
| What should you know about haber process? | The Haber process produces ammonia fertilizer from nitrogen and hydrogen. |
| What should you know about human nitrate additions? | Human nitrate additions have pushed the nitrogen-cycle planetary boundary beyond a safe threshold. |
| What should you know about global collaboration? | Global collaboration is needed to bring nitrogen use back within planetary boundaries. |
| What should you know about climate? | Climate describes long-term atmospheric conditions, while weather describes short-term conditions. |
| What should you know about biome? | A biome is a group of comparable ecosystems developed under similar climatic conditions. |
| What should you know about abiotic factors determine terrestrial biome distribution.? | Abiotic factors determine terrestrial biome distribution. |
| What should you know about biomes? | Biomes include freshwater, marine, forest, grassland, desert and tundra groups. |
| What should you know about tricellular atmospheric circulation? | Tricellular atmospheric circulation explains latitudinal patterns of temperature, precipitation and terrestrial biomes. |
| What should you know about oceans? | Oceans absorb solar radiation and currents redistribute heat globally. |
| What should you know about global warming? | Global warming is changing climates and shifting biomes poleward and upward. |
| What should you know about climate types? | Climate types include tropical, temperate and polar patterns connected to biome types. |
| What should you know about secondary influences and human intervention? | Secondary influences and human intervention can prevent the predicted biome from developing. |
| What should you know about enso? | ENSO is a fluctuation in tropical Pacific winds and sea-surface temperatures between El Nino and La Nina states. |
| What should you know about el nino weakens walker circulation and upwelling; la nina strengthens them.? | El Nino weakens Walker circulation and upwelling; La Nina strengthens them. |
| What should you know about tropical cyclones? | Tropical cyclones are rapidly rotating, low-pressure tropical storm systems with strong winds. |
| What should you know about warming oceans? | Warming oceans are increasing the intensity and frequency of hurricanes and typhoons. |
| What should you know about zonation? | Zonation is change in community along an environmental gradient. |
| What should you know about transects? | Transects measure biotic and abiotic factors along gradients to explain species distributions. |
| What should you know about succession? | Succession is the replacement of one community by another over time. |
| What should you know about each seral community? | Each seral community alters conditions, enabling the next community until a climax community develops. |
| What should you know about primary succession? | Primary succession begins on newly formed substrate without soil or a pre-existing community. |
| What should you know about secondary succession? | Secondary succession begins on bare soil where a community previously existed. |
| What should you know about energy flow? | Energy flow, productivity, diversity, soil depth and nutrient cycling change during succession. |
| What should you know about ecosystem's tolerance of disturbance? | An ecosystem's tolerance of disturbance depends on diversity and resilience. |
| What should you know about climate? | Climate, geology, geomorphology, disturbance and consumers influence succession outcomes. |
| What should you know about gross and net productivity change through succession.? | Gross and net productivity change through succession. |
| What should you know about r-strategists suit pioneer stages? | r-strategists suit pioneer stages, while K-strategists suit climax communities. |
| What should you know about climax-community concept? | The climax-community concept is debated, and ecosystems may have alternative stable states. |
| What should you know about human activity? | Human activity can divert succession and create a plagioclimax. |
| What should you know about perspective? | A perspective is how an individual views and understands a situation based on assumptions, values and beliefs. |
| What should you know about perspectives? | Perspectives are informed by sociocultural norms, science, laws, religion, economics, events and experience. |
| What should you know about values? | Values are qualities or principles regarded as important in life. |
| What should you know about underlying values? | Underlying values are visible in communication, choices, policies and actions. |
| What should you know about values surveys investigate a social group's perspectives on environmental issues.? | Values surveys investigate a social group's perspectives on environmental issues. |
| What should you know about worldviews? | Worldviews are shared lenses through which groups understand and act within their environment. |
| What should you know about this environmental process or concept? | An environmental value system models inputs affecting perspectives and outputs resulting from them. |
| What should you know about environmental worldviews? | Environmental worldviews can be broadly classified as technocentric, anthropocentric or ecocentric. |
| What should you know about perspectives and beliefs change over time and? | Perspectives and beliefs change over time and can be influenced by campaigns and social change. |
| What should you know about individuals, literature, media, disasters, agreements, technology and science? | Individuals, literature, media, disasters, agreements, technology and science have shaped the environmental movement. |
| What should you know about systems? | Systems are sets of interacting or interdependent components. |
| What should you know about systems approach? | A systems approach is a holistic way to visualize complex ecological or societal interactions. |
| What should you know about system diagrams? | System diagrams show storages as boxes and flows as directional arrows. |
| What should you know about flows? | Flows are transfers or transformations of energy or matter. |
| What should you know about open systems exchange energy and matter; closed systems exchange energy only.? | Open systems exchange energy and matter; closed systems exchange energy only. |
| What should you know about earth? | Earth is an integrated system of biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, atmosphere and anthroposphere. |
| What should you know about systems? | Systems can be considered at local, ecosystem and global scales. |
| What should you know about negative feedback counteracts change and stabilizes a system.? | Negative feedback counteracts change and stabilizes a system. |
| What should you know about stable ecosystems? | Stable ecosystems are maintained near equilibrium by negative feedback. |
| What should you know about positive feedback amplifies disturbance and drives a system away from equilibrium.? | Positive feedback amplifies disturbance and drives a system away from equilibrium. |
| What should you know about positive feedback tends to drive systems toward tipping points.? | Positive feedback tends to drive systems toward tipping points. |
| What should you know about tipping point? | A tipping point is a small change that causes a large shift to a new stable state. |
| What should you know about model? | A model is a simplified representation used to understand and predict system behaviour. |
| What should you know about model simplification? | Model simplification requires approximation and causes loss of accuracy. |
| What should you know about interactions among system components? | Interactions among system components can generate emergent properties. |
| What should you know about resilience? | Resilience is a system's capacity to avoid tipping points, resist damage and recover. |
| What should you know about diversity and storage size? | Diversity and storage size affect system resilience, response speed and time lags. |
| What should you know about humans? | Humans can reduce system resilience by decreasing diversity and storage size. |
| What should you know about sustainability? | Sustainability measures whether practices maintain a system's long-term viability for future generations. |
| What should you know about sustainability comprises environmental? | Sustainability comprises environmental, social and economic pillars. |
| What should you know about environmental sustainability manages resources so they? | Environmental sustainability manages resources so they are replaced and ecosystems recover. |
| What should you know about social sustainability? | Social sustainability supports human well-being through structures such as health, education, equity and community. |
| What should you know about economic sustainability? | Economic sustainability supports future production and consumption that meet human needs. |
| What should you know about sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations.? | Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations. |
| What should you know about unsustainable natural-resource? | Unsustainable natural-resource use can cause ecosystem collapse. |
| What should you know about gdp neglects natural-system value and may encourage unsustainable development.? | GDP neglects natural-system value and may encourage unsustainable development. |
| What should you know about environmental justice? | Environmental justice is the right to a pollution-free environment and equitable resource access. |
| What should you know about societal inequalities? | Societal inequalities create unequal access to water, food and energy. |
| What should you know about sustainability and environmental justice? | Sustainability and environmental justice operate from individual to global scales. |
| What should you know about sustainability indicators quantify biodiversity? | Sustainability indicators quantify biodiversity, pollution, population, climate and resource footprints. |
| What should you know about ecological footprint? | An ecological footprint estimates the productive area needed to supply resources and absorb waste. |
| What should you know about carbon footprints? | Carbon footprints measure greenhouse gases; water footprints measure water use. |
| What should you know about biocapacity? | Biocapacity is an area's ability to supply renewable resources and absorb wastes. |
| What should you know about citizen science helps monitor earth systems and sustainable resource? | Citizen science helps monitor Earth systems and sustainable resource use. |
| What should you know about sustainability frameworks and models each? | Sustainability frameworks and models each have uses and limitations. |
| What should you know about un sustainable development goals guide action on sustainability and environmental justice.? | The UN Sustainable Development Goals guide action on sustainability and environmental justice. |
| What should you know about planetary-boundaries model? | The planetary-boundaries model identifies nine Earth-system processes and limits to human disturbance. |
| What should you know about doughnut economics? | Doughnut economics seeks a regenerative and distributive economy within social and ecological boundaries. |
| What should you know about circular economy eliminates waste? | The circular economy eliminates waste, circulates products and materials, and regenerates nature. |
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DrLeeAGS