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Integumentary
A&P 2 Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skin (Integument) consists of what three major regions? | Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. |
| Epidermis | Superficial region |
| Dermis | middle region |
| Hypodermis (superficial fascia) | deepest region |
| Subcutaneous layer | underneath, not technically part of skin |
| subcutaneous layer consists mainly of? | adipose tissue |
| Epidermis is made up of what epithelium? | Keratinous Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
| Keratinocytes are found where and produce what? | Found in the epidermis, produce fibrous protein keratin. |
| what three cells are found in the epidermis | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and tactile (merkel) cells |
| Melanocytes make up how much of the lower epidermis? | 10-25% |
| What do melanocytes produce? | Pigment Melanin |
| Where are epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells found and what are they? | Found in the epidermis, they are macrophages that help actuate the immune system |
| What are tactile (merkel) cells and where are they found? | Merkel cells are touch receptors found in the epidermis |
| 5 layers of the epidermis from surface to deep? | Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale |
| Layers of the epidermis, Stratum Basale, attached to what? | Basal layer, deepest, attached to dermis |
| The stratum Basale is made up of how many rows of cells? | A single row of cells |
| The Stratum Basale is also known as? | Stratum Germativum, because cells undergo rapid division |
| How long does the journey take from basal to surface of epidermis for cells? | 25-45 days |
| Stratum Spinosum (Prickly layer, 2nd deepest layer) Cells contain a web-like system of what, attached to what? | Intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to Desmosomes |
| Stratum Spinosum is abundant in what two things? | Melanin granules and dendritic cells |
| Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer, Middle layer) Thickness? how many layers thick on average? | Thin, 3-5 cell layers in which cells flatten |
| What two things accumulate in the Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)? | Keratohyaline and lamellated granules |
| Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer, 2nd from top of epidermis) found where? How thick is it? What does it look like? | Found in thick skin, but very thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum. |
| What is the Stratum Lucidum made of? | A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes |
| Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer, surface of the epidermis) How many rows and of what? How much of the epidermis thickness is made up of this layer? | 20-30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs. 3/4 of the epidermal thickness. |
| Functions of the Stratum Corneum | Protects from abrasion and penetration. Waterproofs. Barrier against biological, chemical, or physical assaults. |
| The Dermis, middle layer of Integument. What is this made of? What cells are in this layer? | Strong, flexible connective tissue. Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells. |
| What are the two layers of the Dermis? | Papillary and Reticular. |
| Top layer of the Dermis, Papillary layer, is what kind of tissue? What two things are in this layer? | Areolar Connective Tissue with collagen and blood vessels. |
| What two things are found within the Papillary Layer of the Dermis? | Capillary loops and Meissner's Corpuscles (free nerve endings) |
| What are Meissner's Corpuscles and where are they found? | Found in the Papillary layer of the Dermis, these are free nerve endings. |
| Reticular layer, bottom layer of the Dermis. How much of the thickness of the Dermis is made up from this layer? What two fibers are in this layer, and what do they do? | 80% of the Dermis thickness comes from the Reticular layer, made of Collagen fibers that provide strength and resiliency, and elastic fibers that provide stretch and recoil properties. |
| Friction ridges are what exactly? How do they make fingerprints? | Friction ridges are epidermal ridges that lie atop deeper dermal ridges found in the papillary layer, which form friction ridges, which is the fingerprint. |
| How do cleavage lines (tension lines) work, and what do they help with? | Cleavage lines are formed by collagen fibers arranged in bundles. These form cleavage lines. Incisions along these lines heal more readily |
| What three pigments contribute to skin color? | Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin |
| Melanin color palette, responsible for what skin colors? | Yellow to reddish brown, responsible for darker skin tones. |
| Melanin produced where? Where does it migrate to? What then is it's job? | Produced in melanocytes, melanin migrates to keratinocytes, where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei. |
| Freckles and pigmented moles have/are? | localized accumulations of melanin |
| Carotene color palette, most obvious where? | Yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles |
| Hemoglobin color | Responsible for pinkish hue of skin |
| What are appendages of the skin? | Derivatives of the epidermis, sweat glands, oil glands, hairs and hair follicles, and nails. |
| What are the two main types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands? | Eccrine and Apocrine glands |
| Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands, abundant where? | Palms, soles, and forehead. |
| What is sweat made of up? | 99% water, NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, dermacidin, and metabolic wastes. |
| Function of sweat, where do these connect to? | Thermoregulation, ducts connect to pores |
| Apocrine glands confined to what two areas? | axillary and anogenital areas |
| Apocrine glands secrete what? What is the makeup of it? | sebum, sweat + fatty substances and proteins. |
| Where does apocrine ducts connect to? | Hair follicles |
| When do apocrine glands start functioning? | From puberty onward (sexual scent glands?) |
| What are two specialized apocrine glands? | Ceruminous glands and mammary glands |
| Where are ceruminous glands, and what do they secrete? | Found in the external ear canal, secrete cerumen |
| Sebaceous Oil glands, how much are they distributed? What do most develop from? When do they become active? | Becoming active at puberty, sebaceous oil glands are widely distributed, often developing from hair follicles. |
| Sebum, secreted from sebaceous oil glands, is what kind of secretion? What two things does it do? | Oily holocrine secretion, is bactericidal, and softens hair and skin. |
| Functions of hair? | Alerting body to presence of insects on skin, guarding the scalp from physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight |
| Distribution of hair | Entire surface except palms, soles, nipples, lips, and portions of external genitalia. |
| What does hair consist of? | Dead keratinized cells |
| Hair contains what, how is it different from skin? | Hard keratin, more durable than soft keratin of skin |
| Hair pigments and causes? | Melanins, yellow, rust brown, black. Grey/white hair is from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft. |
| Hair follicles extend from what layers? | Goes from epidermal surface down into the dermis. |
| Hair follices are a two layered wall. What are they? | Outer connective tissue root sheath, inner epithelial root sheath. |
| Hair bulb | The expanded deep end of the hair follicle |
| Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus) What is it and what is it stimulated by? | sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb, stimulated by bending of a hair |
| Arrector Pili, what is it, and what is it responsible for? | Smooth muscle attached to the follicle, responsible for goose bumps |
| Two types of hair | Vellus and Terminal |
| What is vellus hair? | pale, fine body hair of children and adult females |
| What is terminal hair? | Coarse, long hair of the eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck in males) |
| How does hair growth work, what phases are there? | Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by regressive phase and resting phase (1-3 months) Growth phase varies (6-10 years in scalp, 3-4 months in eyebrows) |
| Hair thinning and baldness types | Alopecia, true (frank) baldness |
| Alopecia | Hair thinning in both sexes after 40 |
| True (Frank) Baldness | Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition. |
| What is male pattern baldness caused by? | follicular response to DHT (Dihyrotestosterone) |
| Structure of a nail | scale like modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes. |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Protection, 3 types, Chemical. | Chemical-low pH secretions (acid mantle) and defenses retard bacterial activity |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Protection, 3 types, Physical/mechanical barriers | Physical/mechanical barriers-keratin and glycolipids back most water-soluble substances. Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant oleoregins (like poison ivy) organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs. |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Protection, 3 types, Biological barriers | Biological barriers-Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA. |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Body Temperature regulation | 500 mL/day of routine insensible perspiration (At normal body temperature). At elevated temp, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity. (sensible perspirations cool the body) |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Cutaneous sensations | temperature, touch, and pain. |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Metabolic Functions | Synthesis of Vitamin D precursor and collagenase. Chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones. |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Blood Reservoir | up to 5% of the body's blood volume |
| Functions of the integumentary system: Excretion | nitrogenous wastes and salts in sweat. |
| How many functions does the integumentary system have? | 6 |
| How many skin tumors are benign? (Do not metastasize) | Most of them. |
| Risk factors of skin cancer | overexposure to UV radiation, frequent irritation of the skin |
| What do some skin lotions contain that can fix damaged DNA? | enzymes in liposomes |
| Three major types of skin cancer, in order of most common to least | Basal Cell Carcinoma-least malignant, most common Squamous cell carcinoma-second most common Melanoma-most dangerous |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Stratum Basale Cells proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis. Cured by excision 99% of cases |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Involves Keratinocytes of Stratum Spinosum. Most common on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands. Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically. |
| Melanoma | Involves Melanocytes, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy. |
| Characteristics of Melanomas | Asymmetry, the two sides of the pigmented area do not match. Border exhibits indentations. Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red of blue. Diameter is larger than 6mm (Size of pencil eraser) |
| Burns (caused by heat, electricity, and certain chemicals.) | Tissue damage, denatured protein, and cell death. |
| Immediate threats of burns | Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock. |
| What is the rule of 9's? | Used to estimate volume of fluid loss from burns, decided by a chart depending on where the burn is located |
| Partial-thickness burns | First and second-degree burns |
| Which degree burn is a full-thickness burn | Third-degree burns |
| First-degree burns | Epidermal damage only, localized redness, edema (swelling) and pain |
| Second-degree burns | Epidermal and upper dermal damage, blisters appear |
| Third-degree burns | entire thickness of skin damaged. Gray/white, charry red, or black. No initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed) skin grafting usually needed. |
| Severity of burns, critical if: | more than 25% of the body has 2nd-degree burns more than 10% of the body has 3rd-degree burns Face, feet, or hands bear third-degree burns |
| Development Aspects: Fetal. Ectoderm becomes | Epidermis |
| Development Aspects: Fetal. Mesoderm becomes | Dermis and Hypodermis |
| Development Aspects: Fetal. Lanugo Coat | Covering of delicate hairs in 5th and 6th month |
| Development Aspects: Fetal. Vernix Caseosa | sebaceous gland secretion, protects the fetus. |
| Development Aspects: Adolescent to Adult | Sebaceous Gland activity increases. Effects of cumulative environmental assaults show after age 30. Scaling and dermatitis become more common. |
| Development Aspects: Old Age | Epidermal Replacement slows down, skin becomes thin, dry, and itchy. Subcutaneous fat and elasticity decrease, leading to cold intolerance and wrinkles. Increased risk of cancer due to decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic cells. |
Created by:
JoshuaB5