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Judaism
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Abraham | Hebrew Bible patriarch and father of the so-called Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |
| Adam and Eve | First biblical characters, exiled from the Garden of Eden after they defied God's commandment by eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge |
| Bar Mitzvah | Coming-of-age ritual for Jewish boys |
| Bat Mitzvah | Coming-of-age ritual for Jewish girls |
| Circumcision | Ritual cutting of the male foreskin; sign of the covenant between God and Abraham |
| David | King who united Israel's northern and southern kingdoms |
| Ethical Monotheism | Form of single-god belief that describes God as lawgiver and judge and emphasizes religion's ethical dimension |
| Exodus | Influential biblical story narrating the escape of Moses and the Israelites from slavery in Egypt to freedom in the promised land |
| God | The one true divinity, referred to by Jews as Adonai or Elohim |
| Halacha | Jewish law |
| Hanukkah | Jewish festival of lights, which lasts for eight days |
| Haredim | Strictly Orthodox Jews, sometimes referred to as the ultra-Orthodox |
| Hasidism | Orthodox school of the "pious," which emphasizes prayer over study and the heart over the head |
| Hillel | Early rabbi whose debates with Shammai play a central role in the Talmud |
| Holocaust | Systematic persecution and mass murder of Jews in concentration camps by Nazi Germany and its collaborators before and during World War II |
| Israel | "People of God"; nation-state founded in 1948 |
| Israelite Religion | Proto-Jewish religious tradition focused on priestly sacrifice in the Jerusalem Temple |
| Jerusalem | Capital of Israel; sacred city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims; and the site of the First and Second Temples and the Western Wall |
| Kabbalah | Jewish mystical tradition rooted in the Zohar |
| Messiah | Figure who will come at the end of times, restore the Jews to the promised land, rebuild the temple, and inaugurate a peaceful and just world to come |
| Mitzvah | Religious obligation; good deed; commandment |
| Monotheism | Belief that there is only one god |
| Moses | Most important figure in the history of Judaism, who led the Exodus of the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and received the Torah on Mount Sinai |
| Passover | Holiday commemorating the Exodus story |
| Rabbinic Judaism | Textually oriented religious tradition that developed around the time of the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE |
| Rosh Hashanah | Jewish New Year |
| Second Temple Judaism | Religious tradition that followed Israelite religion and developed while the Second Temple was standing from 515 BCE to 70 CE |
| Seder | Passover meal |
| Shabbat | Day of rest observed on the seventh day of the week, from sundown on Friday to sundown on Sunday |
| Shema | Jewish creed, beginning, "Hear, O Israel" |
| Shiva | Seven days of mourning after burial |
| Talmud | Authoritative collection of Torah interpretations |
| Tanakh | Written Torah; acronym for its three parts: Torah (teaching), Neviim (prophets), and Ketuvim (writings) |
| Tikkun Olam | Mandate to work to heal what is broken in the world |
| Torah | The written law of the Tanakh and the oral law of the Talmud |
| Yom Kippur | Day of Atonement |
| Zionism | Movement to create a Jewish nation-state, which resulted in the creation of Israel in 1948 |
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