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PSYCH 526 Unit #1
9/8-9/29
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Primary Psychopathy is associated with __ | Psychological stability but unemotional bonds |
| Secondary Psychopathy is associated with __ | Internalizing and externalizing disorders and trauma |
| How female psychopaths are different than males | Significant correlation with anxiety, negative mood, and lower intelligence, lower average PCL score, 9% over 30 PCL score, less antisocial traits than males, |
| Abuse and psychopathy theory | Childhood abuse/witnessing abuse is linked to levels of psychopathology |
| Gender differences in prisoner trauma history | Females have much higher rates of all kinds of abuse |
| Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis | Feelings in our bodies, gut feelings, that guide decision making, that psychopaths lack |
| Low Fear Hypothesis | People with primary psychopathy are born with below average level of fearfulness, which makes it difficult to socialize |
| Response Modulation Hypothesis | Response modulation deficit interferes with their ability to use secondary information to regulate goal-directed behavior, avoiding punishment becomes less important |
| Low Fear Hypothesis and attachment | Children usually seek reassurance from their parents to reduce fear which increases social monitoring; low fear reduces this |
| Passive avoidance learning and low fear hypothesis | Learning to avoid aversive stimuli & not engaging in a behavior to avoid negative consequences; low fear reduces this |
| Experimental evidence for low fear hypothesis | Emotion modulated startle response experiments |
| Experimental evidence for Response Modulation Hypothesis | Passive avoidance tasks (gambling card game experiment) |
| Impaired integration model | Psychopaths have difficulty rapidly integrating multicomponent perceptual information which influences neural networks |
| Wong & Hare (2005) Psychopathy Treatment Program | Goal is to reduce the frequency & severity of violence, appeal to their self interest to use strengths in non-criminal manner, behavioral self-management, CBT |
| Parenting and callous-unemotional behaviors | Positive reinforcement parenting decreases callous-unemotional behaviors, antisocial parent behavior increases it |
| Risk reduction treatment of high-risk psychopathic offenders | 6-8 months, based on social learning principles, CBT, focuses on antisocial attitudes, anger, skill deficits, etc |
| Risk reduction and how each factor of psychopathy affects it | Factor 1 isn't correlated with violence but treatment interfering traits, factor 2 predicts violence and recidivism |
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in relation to psychopathy | Damage to this brain region can cause pseudopsychopathy |
| VMPFC and amygdala connectivity | VMPFC and amygdala are densely interconnected, amygdala involved in fear and anxiety, VMPFC involved in emotion regulation and socio-moral decision making; psychopaths have abnormalities in VMPFC-amygdala circuit |
| Personality disorder | Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from expectations of individual's culture |
| Ways a personality disorder is manifested | Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control |
| Antisocial personality disorder | Pervasive pattern of disregard for & violation of the rights of others occurring since 15yo |
| APD criteria | Illegal behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self/others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse |
| Narcissistic personality disorder | Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy |
| Rates of APD and psychopathy in forensic populations | 50-80% APD, 15-25% psychopathy |
| Differences between APD and psychopathy | APD is the behavioral piece of psychopathy |
| Differences between narcissism and psychopathy | Psychopathy seen as "aggressive narcissism", narcissists devalue you in their mind, psychos devalue you behaviorally, narcissists are anxious if esteem is threatened |
| Average prisoner PCL-R score | 22/40 |
| High psychopathy PCL-R score | 30+ |
| Factor 1 interpersonal characteristics | Glibness & superficial charm, grandiose sense of self worth, pathological lying, manipulative |
| Factor 1 affective characteristics | Lack of remorse/guilt, shallow affect, callous lack of empathy, failure to accept responsibility |
| Factor 2 lifestyle characteristics | Need for stimulation, parasitic lifestyle, lack of realistic long term goals, impulsivity, irresponsibility |
| Factor 2 antisocial characteristics | Poor behavioral controls, early behavior problems, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, criminal versatility |
| RNR Theoretical approach | Risk, need, responsivity treatment model |
| Risk part of RNR approach | What level of risk present |
| Need part of RNR approach | What do we treat, what are dynamic risk factors |
| Responsivity part of RNR approach | How do we treat this individual offender, adapting treatment to individual needs of offender |
| When risk assessment happens | After violence & legal intervention |
| Accidental result of PCL-R | Risk assessment tool for recidivism, not comprehensive though |
| Psychopaths and recidivism compared to nonpsychopaths | Psychopaths are 2-5x more likely to recidivate |
| Factor that is stronger predictor of recidivism | Factor 2 |
| Factor that is stronger predictor of instrumental violence | Factor 1 |
| Violence Risk Assessment Guide | Tool that improves predictive ability of paired with PCL-R |
| "Once a psychopath, always a psychopath" debunked | Adolescents may show traits but change in early adulthood, as they age in prison, PCL scores reduce |
| "Where the psychopath goes, violence will surely follow" debunked | Increased risk of violence if high PCL score but not 1:1 relationship |
| "Psychopaths are just present in criminals" debunked | Some may be high in psychopathy without desire for violence and crime |
| Findings in non-criminal psychopaths | They have better self control, better cost-benefit analysis and decision-making ability |
| "Clinical evaluations of psychopathy are highly reliable" debunked | True for well-trained examiners, but in highly adversarial situations (courtroom) you can get less accurate info |
| Reasons adversarial situations lead to less accurate evaluations | Interview data is not confidential, high PCL are skilled at manipulating evaluators who become distracted by crying, etc, and allegiance bias |
| Reasons for ability to "feel" presence of someone high in psychopathy | Females more than males report a physical response, possibly primitive autonomic fear response to an "intraspecies predator" |
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