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Sheep diseases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are small ruminants so susceptible to diseases? | Constant parasite exposure, flocking instincts, environmental extremes, hoof and foot exposure, predator stress |
| Barber pole worm | A blood-sucking parasite that attaches to and feed on the abomasal lining in small ruminants |
| Clinical signs of barber pole worm | Bottle jaw, anemia, weakness, death |
| Bottle jaw | When fluid builds up under the jaw of ruminants |
| Prevention of barber pole worm | Utilize rotational grazing, check with FAMACHA scoring, treat with targeted deworming |
| White muscle disease | Caused by a selenium deficiency |
| Who are most susceptible to white muscle disease? | Lambs, sheep living out west |
| Clinical signs of white muscle disease | Stiff gait, muscle weakness, inability of stand |
| Prevention of white muscle disease | Give selenium supplements |
| Copper toxicity | Too much copper in the liver |
| Causes of copper toxicity | Most common in sheep but happens in all animals when plants and soil are high in copper |
| Clinical signs of copper toxicity | Jaundice (especially in eyelid), red/brown urine |
| Prevention of copper toxicity | Use sheep-specific mineral, do not use cattle or pig |
| How do hoof issues happen? | Pastures are wet and muddy so bacteria can grow and infect hooves |
| Hoof/foot scald | Precursor to foot rot, skin between the toes gets infected and becomes raw, sore, and inflamed |
| Clinical signs of hoof scald | Mild/moderate lameness, discomfort when walking |
| Prevention of hoof scald | Eliminate muddy pastures, do regular hoof trimming and monitoring, utilize footbaths |
| Footbath | Putting sheep in a chute that will have them walk through water to clean hooves and avoid infections |
| Hoof/foot rot | Worse foot scald, infection invades hoof tissue and causes separation, pockets of decay and rot. Highly contagious |
| Clinical signs of hoof rot | Severe lameness and refusal to walk, visual damage and foul odor |
| Prevention of hoof rot | Quarantine and culling of chronic carriers, trim and remove all infected hoof, treat with antibiotics, footbaths |
| Abortion in small ruminants | More like a miscarriage |
| Abortion storm | An unusually high number of abortions in a flock over a short period of time |
| Campylobacter ssp. ("Vibrio") | Late-term abortion storm |
| Chlamydia abortus | Late-term abortion storm |
| Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) | Abortions and mummified fetuses, transmitted by cat feces |
| What is so dangerous about small ruminant abortions? | They are zoonotic, especially to pregnant women |
| Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) | Infected wounds that can happen at any age and are very contagious, looks like cottage cheese |
| Clinical signs of CL | Abscesses on face and neck |
| Prevention of CL | New(ish) vaccine, closed flock |
| Fly strike | Flies lay eggs in wet, dirty, wounded area, maggots develop and eat tissue, can be life threatening |
| Prevention of fly strike | Environmental management, shearing and docking tails, chemical control |
| Preventative healthcare options for small ruminants | Vaccinations, dewormers, BCSs |
| Core vaccination in sheep | CD&T, Clostridium perfringes types C&D, Clostridium tetani |
| What does CD&T prevent? | Overeating disease/enterotoxemia and tetanus |
| Optional vaccines for small ruminants | CL, Orf/soremouth, Campy and Chlamydia |
| Best deworming practices | Targeted deworming |
| FAMACHA score | A card that indirectly manages the severity of barber pole worm infection. 5=good and 1=bad |
| Refugia | worms that have not been exposed to a drug and are still susceptible |
| 3 major drug classes of dewormers | Benzimidazoles (white dewormers), macrocyclic lactones (clear dewormers), nicotinics |
| BCS | Body condition score, hands-on evaluation of fat and muscle cover on the spine, ribs, and other key areas, 1 is emaciated and 5 is obese |
| When should you trim hooves? | Highly variable, but at lease 1-2 times per year |
| What should you look for in hoof health | Overgrowth, cracks or pockets, lameness, foul odor |
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