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Chapter 0
General Genetics- Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is genetics? | The study of heredity in all its manifestations |
| What does genetics revolve around? | It revolves around on main subject genes |
| Why is the study of genetics important? | It unifies the study of biology It has a profound impact on human affairs |
| When did the domestication of animals begin? | 15,000 BCE |
| When did the cultivation of plants begin? | 9,000 BCE |
| Where did domestication first occur? | Thought to be the middle east However, domestication took place independently in a number of different parts of the world |
| What did Pythagorus propose related to genetics? | Speculated that a new individual is formed by a union of male and female "vapors" that are derived from various organs |
| What did Hippocrates propose related to genetics? | On the Seed Semen is secreted by the whole body, such as a rule bald-headed produces bald-headed, blue-eyed produces blue-eyed Only related to traits of the father |
| What did Democritus propose related to genetics? | More people because able by exercise than by their natural predisposition |
| What did Plato propose related to genetics? | The Republic Advocated the selection of spouses to produce children who will develop into bodily and ethically eminent personalities |
| What did Aristotle propose related to genetics? | Developed a comprehensive theory of inheritance: the male semen was only formed from the blood (It provides a form), the menstrual blood contains the "matter" for offspring. The form controls and shapes the matter into the mature offspring |
| What did Lucretius propose related to genetics? | Lucretius proposed that hereditary traits are passed down through “seeds” (atoms) from ancestors. This explains why children can resemble their parents, grandparents, or even great-grandparents in features like their face, voice, or hair. |
| What did William Harvey propose related to genetics? | Published Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium in 1651 Proposed that all living things originate from an egg The theory of Epigenesis |
| What is the theory of epigenesis? | All parts of the embryo are present potentially in the egg The organism evolves by gradual building up and aggregation of these aparts |
| What did Regnier de Graaf propose related to genetics? | Proposed that both sexes transmit agents of heredity Described small lumps in the overaries and incorrectly thought he had discovered the mammalian egg Contributed greatly to the understanding of the female mammalian reproductive system |
| What did Antonie van Leeuwenhoek propose related to genetics? | Observed sperms of humans in 1677, and in later years those of other mammals Speculated that the sperm provides the essential life-giving properties and the egg merely furnishes the proper environment for the embryo's nutrition and development |
| What is the theory of preformationism? | The organism is contained in one of the sex cells as a fully developed (albeit miniature) homunculus With proper nourishment the homunculus unfolds into its adult proportions |
| What is the spermists? | Believed the homunculus was found in the sperm related to the idea of the theory of preformationism |
| What is the ovists? | Believed the homunculus resided in the egg related to the theory of preformationism |
| What did Caspar Friedrich Wolff propose related to genetics? | Discredited the theory of preformationism in his Theoria Generationis (1759) Argued that different adult structures of both animal and plants were not preformed but rather appeared gradually during the course of embryonic development |
| What did Carl con Linne propose related to genetics? | Developed a hierarchical system for classification of animals and plants Developed the binomial system of nomenclature Believed in the fixity of species |
| What is fixity of species? | Living things retain the same form from the moment they appear on earth |
| What did Jean Captiste de Lamarck propose related to genetics? | Proposed the first theory of evolution in Philosophie Zoologique (1801) |
| What are the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics? | Change in the environment (change in the needs of the organism, change in their behavior, excess use or disuse of an organ or structure, increase or decrease in the size of the organ or structure) All changes of such nature are inherited |
| What did Charles Darwin propose related to genetics? | Proposed the theory of organic evolution by natural selection in the origin of species |
| How can the theory of organic evolution be summarized? | Organisms vary, and some variations are inherited. Overproduction leads to competition, so individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, causing populations to evolve |
| What was the result of Darwin's Theory? | Demolished the Linnaean concept of the fixity of species However, it was criticized because Darwin failed to provide a detailed explanation on the genetic mecanisms of variation and heredity So Darwin proposed the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis |
| What was Darwin's Pangenesis? | Developing cells produce tiny copies of body parts called gemmules, which travel to reproductive organs and enter gametes. After fertilization, the gemmules distribute throughout the developing body. |
| What did August Weismann contribute propose related to genetics? | Disproved Darwin's Pangenesis in a classic experiment with mice Proposed the Germ plasm Theory of Heredity in 1892 |
| How many types of tissues are multicellular living organisms made up of? What are they? | Two types: Somatoplasm and Germplasm |
| Somatoplasm | Body tissues Essential for functioning of the organism |
| Germplasm | Hereditary material Set aside for reproductive purposes There is continuity of Germplasm between successive generations The germplasm is associated with the nucleus |
| Who were the two most important plant hybridists before Mendel? What did they do? | Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter and Karl Friedrich con Gartner They constituted a research tradition which framed the questions and hypotheses that guided Mendel's research |
| What did Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter contribute to genetics? | First to carry out plant hybridization in a truely scientific manner and on a larger scale Provided evidence for the truth of plant sexuality Studied the pollination process and discovered the significance of insects to pollination |
| What did Karl Friederich von Gartner contribute to genetics? | Expanded on Kolreuter's work Published Versuche and Beobachtungen uber die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreich Contained the results of 25 years of experimentation during which he had carried out nearly 10,000 separate experiments |
| Kolreuter and von gartner's mirrored results like Mendel's in what ways? | Similarity of hybrids from reciprocal crosses and increased variability in hybrids after F1 However they failed to realize the significance of their work |
| What did Gregor Mendel contribute to genetics? | Mendel is famous for his work on the laws of inheritance He was interested in fundamental questions about inheritance, fertilization, and natural hybridization Used the results of experiments to propose: The particulate theory of inheritance |
| What did William Bateson contribute to the theory of inheritance | Published Mendel's Principles of Heredity First to demonstrate experimentally the extension of Mendel's Laws to animals Coined the term Genetics to describe the science of heredity |
| What were the first traits studied in humans? | Naturally and easily observed ones such as polydactyly and hemophilia |
| What did Louis Moreau de Maupertuis contribute to genetics? | Studied polydactyly in a Berlin family and showed it could be inherited from either parent due to abnormal hereditary particles. He produced the first accurate record of an autosomal dominant trait in humans |
| What is hemophilia? | Hemophilia is a rare bleeding disorder in which blood does not clot properly due to a lack of certain clotting factors |
| What did John C. Otto contribute to genetics? | Provided first accurate account of hemophilia in the modern medical literature Reported on a New Hampshire family of "bleeders" Described the X-linked recessive inheritance of the disorder |
| What did John Hay contribute to genetics? | Studied a family of bleeders in MA Provided the first detailed clinical manifestations of the disease Confirmed the X-linked recessive nature of inheritance Helped formulate the first pedigree of the disease |
| Who did the eugenics movement start with? | Sir Francis Galton |
| What did Galton's career focus on? | After reading Darwin’s Origin of Species, Galton focused on selective breeding, believing many human traits are inherited and therefore subject to selection. |
| What was Galton concerned with? What two solutions can be envisioned? | Galton was concerned by the “differential fertility” of the “genetically-inferior” Postive and negative eugenics |
| What is positive eugenics? | Encouraging the reproduction of those with beneficial traits |
| What is negative eugenics? | Discouraging the reproduction of those with undesirable traits |
| What happened with the genetics movement in the US? | Compulsory sterilization Anti-miscegenation laws Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 The movement weakened in the 1930s due to its flawed science and prejudice; the Eugenics Records Office closed in 1939. \ |
| What did compulsory sterilization in the US include? | Early laws were struck down, but Virginia’s law was upheld in 1927 in Buck v. Bell, allowing sterilization of people labeled “eugenically unfit.” |
| What did categories of people forced into sterilization include? | These categories included people labeled feeble-minded, mentally ill, criminal, epileptic, diseased, blind, deaf, deformed, or dependent. |
| What was the anti-miscegenation law? | Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act of 1924 prohibited interracial marriage |
| What was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1924? | Influenced by eugenic ideas and Harry Laughlin’s claims about immigrants’ “inborn” traits |
| What was the legacy of the US eugenics movement? | Nazi programs drew on American eugenics ideas. Forced sterilizations in the U.S. continued into the 1970s, with about 70,000 Americans involuntarily sterilized |
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KristenR2025