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F26 Unit 4 Vocab
Genetics and Protein Synthesis Unit 4 Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| amino acid | A building-block molecule that can link with other amino acids in a specific sequence to form a protein. |
| anticodon | A sequence of three RNA bases on a transfer RNA molecule that pairs with a matching codon on messenger RNA during translation. |
| base | A nitrogen-containing part of a nucleotide. Specific bases pair to help store genetic information in DNA or RNA. |
| chromosome | A condensed DNA structure that contains many genes. Each chromosome carries genetic instructions used by cells. |
| codon | A sequence of three RNA bases on messenger RNA that identifies an amino acid or signals the beginning or end of protein synthesis. |
| double helix | The twisted, ladder-like shape of DNA formed by two complementary strands held together by paired bases. |
| endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) | A membrane network that helps make and transport cell materials. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and helps make proteins, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps make lipids and process other molecules. |
| gene | A specific segment of DNA that contains instructions for making a protein or functional RNA molecule. |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport. |
| hydrogen bond | A weak attraction between complementary bases that helps hold the two strands of DNA together. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | A type of RNA that carries genetic instructions copied from DNA to a ribosome, where the instructions can be used to make a protein. |
| mutation | A change in the DNA sequence. A mutation may change the information in a gene and can affect the protein or trait produced. |
| nucleic acid | A large molecule made of nucleotide chains that stores or helps transmit genetic information. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. |
| nucleotide | The basic unit of a nucleic acid. It contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. |
| peptide bond | A chemical bond that links two amino acids together during protein synthesis. |
| polypeptide | A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that can fold into a functional protein. |
| ribosome | A cell structure made of ribosomal RNA and proteins where messenger RNA instructions are used to assemble a polypeptide. |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes and helps the ribosome join amino acids together. |
| transcription | The process of copying information from a DNA gene into a complementary messenger RNA molecule. |
| translation | The process in which a ribosome reads messenger RNA codons and joins amino acids in the correct sequence to form a polypeptide. |
| transfer RNA (tRNA) | A type of RNA that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome and uses its anticodon to match the amino acid with an mRNA codon. |
| vesicle | A small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within a cell or moves materials to the cell membrane. |
Created by:
tmsullivanLDHS