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week 5

QuestionAnswer
Where is the heart located? Thoracic cavity within the mediastinum between the lungs
What encloses the heart? Pericardium
What are the two major components of the pericardium? Fibrous pericardium and Serous pericardium
Which pericardial layer provides a strong protective outer covering? Fibrous pericardium
Which pericardial layer reduces friction during cardiac movement? Serous pericardium
What are the four chambers of the heart? Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle
What are the receiving chambers of the heart? Atria
What are the ejecting chambers of the heart? Ventricles
Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation? Right atrium
What vessels bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium? Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava
Which vessel carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs? Pulmonary artery
Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the heart? Pulmonary veins
Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? Left atrium
What is the most muscular chamber of the heart? Left ventricle
Which vessel receives blood from the left ventricle? Aorta
What is the primary purpose of heart valves? Maintain directional blood flow
Where is the tricuspid valve located? Between the right atrium and right ventricle
What is systole? Contraction of the myocardium
What happens during systole? Ventricles contract and eject blood
Which valves close to produce S1? Mitral and Tricuspid valves
What is diastole? Relaxation of the myocardium
What happens during diastole? Heart chambers fill with blood
Which valves close to produce S2? Aortic and Pulmonic valves
What does S1 indicate? Beginning of ventricular systole
What does S2 indicate? Beginning of ventricular diastole
What is the primary pacemaker of the heart? SA node
What is the normal intrinsic rate of the SA node? 60–100 beats/minute
What is the normal intrinsic rate of the AV node? 40–60 beats/minute
What is the normal intrinsic rate of the Purkinje fibers? 20–40 beats/minute
What is the electrical pathway of the heart? SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Right and Left Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers
What structure divides into the right and left bundle branches? Bundle of His
Where is the Bundle of His located? Interventricular septum
What is the function of the cardiac conduction system? Coordinates heart contractions
What are the major target organs affected by hypertension? What are the major target organs affected by hypertension?
What diet is commonly recommended for patients with hypertension? DASH diet.
What foods are emphasized in the DASH diet? Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free dairy, fish and lean protein, nuts, seeds, and legumes.
What foods should be limited in the DASH diet? Sodium, saturated fat, added sugars, and highly processed foods.
What are the major classes of antihypertensive medications? Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers.
What is the primary action of diuretics? Excrete sodium and water.
What effect do diuretics have on circulating volume? They lower circulating volume.
What is the overall effect of diuretics on blood pressure? They lower blood pressure.
What are the three common types of diuretics? Thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
What condition commonly requires loop diuretics? Heart failure.
What is a major nursing concern when administering loop diuretics? Hypokalemia.
What hearing-related adverse effect can occur with rapid IV furosemide administration? Ototoxicity.
What are examples of potassium-sparing diuretics? Spironolactone, amiloride, and triamterene.
What laboratory value should be monitored with potassium-sparing diuretics? Serum potassium.
What are examples of ACE inhibitors? Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril.
What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors? Block formation of angiotensin II.
What common cough is associated with ACE inhibitors? Dry persistent cough.
What life-threatening adverse effect may occur with ACE inhibitors? Angioedema.
What are examples of ARBs? Losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, and telmisartan.
What is the mechanism of action of ARBs? Block the effects of angiotensin II.
What electrolyte imbalance can occur with ARBs? Hyperkalemia.
What are the two types of calcium channel blockers? DHP and Non-DHP.
Which calcium channel blocker commonly causes constipation? Verapamil.
What are examples of beta-blockers? Metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, and carvedilol.
What should never be done abruptly with beta-blockers? Stopping therapy.
What can occur if beta-blockers are stopped abruptly? Tachycardia, hypertension, or ischemia.
What should be assessed during antihypertensive therapy? Blood pressure, heart rate, orthostatic BP, cardiovascular status, renal function, electrolytes, and fluid balance.
What should be checked before administering antihypertensive medications? Blood pressure and heart rate.
Should antihypertensive medications be stopped when blood pressure becomes normal? No.
What is orthostatic hypotension? A significant drop in blood pressure after moving upright.
What symptoms may occur with orthostatic hypotension? Dizziness or lightheadedness.
What patient teaching helps prevent orthostatic hypotension? Change positions slowly.
What blood pressure defines hypertensive crisis? BP ≥180/120 mmHg.
What is a hypertensive emergency? Severely elevated BP with acute target-organ damage.
What symptoms may indicate hypertensive crisis? Chest pain, dyspnea, neurologic deficits, confusion, vision changes, kidney injury, or pulmonary edema.
What are the first priorities in hypertensive emergency? Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC).
What is the main action of ACE inhibitors? Decrease angiotensin II formation.
What is the main action of ARBs? Block angiotensin II.
What is the main action of calcium channel blockers? Vasodilation and decreased cardiac activity.
What is the main action of beta-blockers? Decrease heart rate and contractility.
What is the main action of direct vasodilators? Relax vascular smooth muscle.
Created by: yatteyy
 

 



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