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Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the best description of natural selection's effect on a population? | Improved match between a population and its environment. |
| Why does natural selection improve a population's match with its environment? | Individuals with advantageous heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, making those traits more common. |
| Does natural selection necessarily increase genetic variation, mutation rates, or reduce population size? | No. Natural selection changes the frequency of existing heritable traits and does not necessarily increase variation, mutation rates, or reduce population size. |
| What are human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers examples of? | Homology. |
| What is homology? | Similarity between characteristics because of inheritance from a common ancestor. |
| What is convergent evolution? | The independent evolution of similar characteristics because of similar environmental pressures or functions. |
| What observation suggests homology rather than convergent evolution? | Similar embryological development of the two structures. |
| What population condition makes genetic drift most likely? | Small populations. |
| What is genetic drift? | A change in allele frequency caused by random chance rather than natural selection. |
| What causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably? | Genetic drift caused by chance events. |
| What is the founder effect? | Genetic drift that occurs when a small group establishes a new population. |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | Genetic drift that occurs when a random event dramatically reduces population size. |
| How do the founder effect and bottleneck effect differ? | The founder effect begins with a small group establishing a new population; the bottleneck effect reduces an existing population through a random event. |
| What is macroevolution? | Evolution above the species level. |
| How does macroevolution differ from microevolution? | Macroevolution involves large-scale changes above the species level, while microevolution involves changes in allele frequencies within populations. |
| What is a limitation of the biological species concept? | It cannot be applied to fossils because reproductive isolation cannot be directly observed in extinct organisms. |
| What does the biological species concept use to define species? | The ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is reproductive isolation? | The prevention of gene flow between populations because they cannot successfully reproduce with each other. |
| What must occur for a new species to arise? | At least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change. |
| What is speciation? | The formation of new species. |
| What is a reproductive barrier? | A biological difference that prevents populations from successfully interbreeding or producing fertile offspring. |
| What did all protocells have in common? | A surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure. |
| Why was a surrounding membrane important for protocells? | It separated internal contents from the environment and allowed chemical reactions to occur in a more controlled space. |
| What molecule was most likely the first genetic material on Earth? | Self-replicating RNA molecules with catalytic activity. |
| Why is RNA considered a likely first genetic material? | RNA can store genetic information and some RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions. |
| What is the RNA world hypothesis? | The hypothesis that early life relied on RNA molecules that could store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions. |
| What is catalytic activity? | The ability to speed up a chemical reaction. |
| What is the best evidence that the fossil record is incomplete? | The fossil record is biased toward organisms with hard shells and skeletons. |
| Which organisms are most likely to form fossils? | Common organisms with hard body parts. |
| Why is a common squirrel more likely to form a fossil than a rare worm? | Squirrels have hard bones, and common organisms are more likely to leave remains. |
| What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory? | Mitochondria and plastids have circular DNA and ribosomes more similar to bacterial ribosomes than to cytoplasmic ribosomes. |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as free-living bacteria engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. |
| What shape is the DNA of mitochondria and plastids? | Circular. |
| What are plastids? | Organelles found in plants and algae, including chloroplasts, that perform functions such as photosynthesis. |
| What is the most likely evolutionary effect of Hox gene duplication? | It permitted the evolution of novel forms. |
| What are Hox genes? | Genes that control the development and organization of body structures along the body axis. |
| How can gene duplication lead to new morphological forms? | One gene copy can perform the original function while other copies evolve new functions. |
| What is gene duplication? | The creation of an additional copy of a gene. |
| Why is gene duplication important in evolution? | It provides extra genetic material that can accumulate mutations and evolve new functions. |
Created by:
Erista