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Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the best description of the effect of natural selection on a population? | Improved match between a population and its environment. |
| Why does natural selection improve a population's match with its environment? | Individuals with advantageous heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, causing those traits to become more common. |
| Does natural selection necessarily increase genetic variation? | No. Natural selection can increase, decrease, or maintain genetic variation depending on which traits are favored. |
| Does natural selection increase mutation rates? | No. Mutation creates genetic variation, while natural selection changes the frequency of existing heritable traits. |
| Does natural selection necessarily reduce population size? | No. Natural selection changes the frequency of traits in a population and does not necessarily reduce population size. |
| What are human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers examples of? | Homology. |
| Why are human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers homologous structures? | They contain many of the same bones and develop from similar embryonic tissues because of common ancestry. |
| What is homology? | Similarity between characteristics because of inheritance from a common ancestor. |
| What is convergent evolution? | The independent evolution of similar characteristics in different species because of similar environmental pressures or functions. |
| What observation would suggest homology rather than convergent evolution? | Similar embryological development of the two structures. |
| Why does similar embryological development support homology? | Similar development suggests the structures were inherited from a common ancestor. |
| Does living in different locations prove that two structures are homologous? | No. Geographic distance alone does not establish common ancestry. |
| Does similar adult size prove homology? | No. Similar size can result from similar environmental pressures or functions. |
| What population condition would most likely cause allele frequencies to change by chance? | Small populations. |
| Why does genetic drift have a stronger effect in small populations? | Chance events can cause larger changes in allele frequencies when a population has fewer individuals. |
| What is genetic drift? | A change in allele frequency caused by random chance rather than natural selection. |
| Which evolutionary process causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably? | Genetic drift. |
| In which situation would genetic drift most likely cause evolution? | Chance events cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably. |
| Why do chance events cause genetic drift? | Random events can cause some alleles to become more or less common without regard to whether they are beneficial. |
| What is the founder effect? | A form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group establishes a new population. |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | A form of genetic drift that occurs when a random event dramatically reduces population size. |
| How does the founder effect differ from the bottleneck effect? | The founder effect occurs when a small group starts a new population, while the bottleneck effect occurs when a random event reduces an existing population. |
| What is macroevolution? | Evolution above the species level. |
| How does macroevolution differ from microevolution? | Macroevolution involves large-scale evolutionary changes above the species level, while microevolution involves changes in allele frequencies within populations. |
| Is macroevolution the same as microevolution but including the origin of new species? | No. Macroevolution refers to evolutionary patterns and processes above the species level. |
| What is microevolution? | Changes in allele frequencies within populations. |
| What is a limitation of the biological species concept? | It cannot be applied to fossils because reproductive isolation cannot be directly observed in extinct organisms. |
| Why can the biological species concept not be applied to fossils? | The concept defines species by the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, which cannot be tested in fossils. |
| What does the biological species concept use to define species? | The ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is reproductive isolation? | The prevention of gene flow between populations because they cannot successfully reproduce with each other. |
| What must occur for a new species to arise? | At least one gene, affecting one reproductive barrier, must change. |
| Why can a change in one gene contribute to speciation? | If the change creates a reproductive barrier, it can reduce or prevent gene flow between populations. |
| What is speciation? | The formation of new species. |
| What is a reproductive barrier? | A biological difference that prevents populations from successfully interbreeding or producing fertile offspring. |
| What did all protocells have in common? | A surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure. |
| Why was a surrounding membrane important for protocells? | It separated the internal contents from the environment and allowed chemical reactions to occur in a more controlled space. |
| Did all protocells have the ability to synthesize enzymes? | No. Protocells did not necessarily have enzymes. |
| Did all protocells have RNA genes? | No. Not all protocells necessarily had RNA genes. |
| Did all protocells have the ability to replicate RNA? | No. Not all protocells necessarily had the ability to replicate RNA. |
| What molecule was most likely the first genetic material on Earth? | Self-replicating RNA molecules with catalytic activity. |
| Why is RNA considered a likely first genetic material? | RNA can store genetic information and some RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions, allowing them to potentially replicate and support early life. |
| What is the RNA world hypothesis? | The hypothesis that early life relied on RNA molecules that could both store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions. |
| What is catalytic activity? | The ability to speed up a chemical reaction. |
| What is the best evidence that the fossil record is incomplete? | The fossil record is biased toward organisms that had hard shells and skeletons. |
| Why is the fossil record incomplete? | Organisms with hard parts are more likely to fossilize than organisms with soft bodies. |
| What is fossilization? | The process by which remains or traces of organisms are preserved in rock. |
| Which organisms are more likely to form fossils? | Organisms with hard parts, such as shells, bones, or skeletons. |
| Which organism would be most likely to form a fossil? | A common squirrel. |
| Why is a common squirrel more likely to form a fossil than a rare worm? | Common organisms are more likely to leave remains, and squirrels have hard bones that fossilize more easily than soft-bodied worms. |
| What two factors increase the likelihood that an organism will form a fossil? | Being common and having hard body parts. |
| Why are rare organisms less likely to form fossils? | They are less abundant, so fewer remains are available to be preserved. |
| What evidence supports the idea that mitochondria and plastids were originally free-living bacteria? | Their DNA is circular, and their ribosomes are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than to the ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | The theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells. |
| What shape is the DNA of mitochondria and plastids? | Circular. |
| How are mitochondrial and plastid ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes? | They are more similar to bacterial ribosomes than to the ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. |
| Why does circular DNA support the endosymbiotic theory? | Circular DNA is a characteristic shared with bacteria. |
| Why does the similarity of organelle ribosomes to bacterial ribosomes support the endosymbiotic theory? | It suggests that mitochondria and plastids evolved from bacterial ancestors. |
| What are plastids? | Organelles found in plants and algae, including chloroplasts, that perform functions such as photosynthesis. |
| What is the most likely evolutionary effect of duplication of homeotic Hox genes? | It permitted the evolution of novel forms. |
| What are Hox genes? | Genes that control the development and organization of body structures along the body axis. |
| What can Hox gene duplication allow? | The evolution of new morphological forms. |
| Why can Hox gene duplication promote evolutionary innovation? | Additional gene copies can evolve new functions while the original copy continues performing its original function. |
| What is gene duplication? | The creation of an additional copy of a gene. |
| How can gene duplication lead to new morphological forms? | One copy can perform the original function, while other copies are available to take on new functions. |
| Why is gene duplication important in evolution? | It provides extra genetic material that can accumulate mutations and evolve new functions. |
| What is morphological diversity? | Variation in the form and structure of organisms. |
| What is a novel morphological form? | A new or previously unseen body structure or physical form. |
Created by:
Erista