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biology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| independent variables | manipulated by researches |
| dependent variables | variable predicted to be affected in response |
| what are the properties of life? | order/organization, response to stimulus, reproduction, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, evolution, energy processing (metabolism) |
| what is a prokaryotic cell? | simpler and smaller than eukaryote, does not contain a nucles or other membrane-enclosed organelles. has DNA (bacteria and archeae) |
| what is gene expression? | DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into a protein (made of amino acids) |
| what is hydrophillic | molecule that likes water |
| what is hydrophobic | molecule that HATES water |
| what is cohesion? | water sticking to itself; results in high surface tension |
| what is adhesion? | substances sticking to other substances |
| what determines atomic number? | number of protons |
| what elements make up 96% of life? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| what determines mass number? | protons + neutrons |
| what are single bonds | 3-D and can rotate freely |
| what are double bonds | flat plane and has no rotation |
| how do you determine the number of covalent bonds a molecule can form? | the amount of unpaired electrons in the outer shell |
| what are isotopes? | all atoms of an element have same protons but may have diff neutrons |
| what is radioactive dating? | scientists measure ratios of diff isotopes and calculate how many half-lives passed since rock/fossil formed |
| what are non polar bonds? | bonds with equally shared electrons |
| what are polar bonds | bonds with unequally shared electrons (caused by electronegativity) |
| what is order/organization? | at least one cell |
| what is a eukaryotic cell? | bigger than a prokaryotic cell, has a nuclues and membrane-enclosed organelles, has DNA |
| what are emergent properties? | structure and function---structure fits function |
| what is feedback regulation? | homeostasis; output regulates biological processes, negative and positive feedback (eg insulin) |
| what is transcription? | copy: it occurs in the nucleus |
| what is translation? | changed; occurs in cytoplasm |
| hydroxyl group | (-OH) polar due to electronegative oxygen; hydrophillic; compound name : alcohol; ex : ethanol |
| carbonyl group | (>C=O) polar compound names : ketone- carbonyl group within skeleton (acetone) aldehyde- at end of skeleton (proponal) |
| carboxyl group | (-COOH) acts as an acid; covalent bond between O and H is very polar compound name :carboxylic acid/organic acid ex: acetic acid |
| amino group | (-NH₂) acts as a base; can pick up H+ from surrounding solution compound name : amine ex : glycine |
| sulfhydral group | (-SH) 2 SH can react and form crosslink that stabilizes structure of proteins; acidic compound name : thiol ex : cystine |
| phosphate group | (OPO₄³⁻) acidic; release energy (ATP): contributes one or two negative charge depending on location (inside-1: at end-2) compound name : organic phosphate ex: glycerate phosphate |
| methyl group | (-CH₃) affects expression of genes when bonded to DNA: affects shape/function of sex hormones compound name: methylated compound ex: 5-methylcytosine |
| what are ions? | two oppositely charged atoms/molecules formed after electrons are stripped from bonding partners (cation-positive; anion-negative) |
| what are structural isomers? | different covalent arrangements of atoms |
| what is an isomer | compound with same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
| Avogadro"s number and unit Dalton | 6.02×10²³ daltons=1G |
| what is an acid? | increases H⁺ concentration |
| what is a base? | reduces H⁺ concentration |
| what are subatomic particles? | neutrons and protons (measured in daltons) electrons (too tiny to measure) |
| what is hydrogen bond? | hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom; is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
| what is chemical equillibrium? | forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate |
| what are cis-trans isomers? | same covalent bonds but differ in spacial arrangements (double bond) cis-same side trans- diff side |
| what are eneantiomers? | isomers that are mirror images of each other; useful in pharmaceutical context |
| how can carbon skeletons vary? | length, single/double bonds, unbranched/branched, arragement of rings |
| what are radioactive isotopes? | isotopes that decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy |
| what are valence electrons? | outer most electrons; full valence shell= most stable |
| what are covalent bonds? | the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms (count as each atoms valence shell) |
| what is electronegativity? | an atoms attraction for electrons in covalent bonds (more electronegative=more pull) |
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