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Bio 04 Class+System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxon | Each taxonomic group within a systematic hierarchy |
| Binomial | Consisting of a genus and species epithet |
| Taxonomic principles | 1. Taxonomic categories from an increasingly inclusive nested hierarchy. 2. Each species has a binomial name. |
| Who championed the binomial system of naming a species | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Rules for writing names | Genus name and species epithet, genus name always capitalized, species epithet never capitalized (generally), both names either italicized or underlined. First time a person uses a species name in science it is followed by the author of the species name. |
| To describe a new species to the scientific community the species must be based on a ___ | Sample |
| TYPE specimen | The physical example — or, in some cases, a group of examples — of an organism that is formally linked to a scientific name. It serves as the permanent reference point for that name, anchoring the definition of a species, genus, or other taxon |
| Scientific names in what language | Latin |
| Who came up with the 5 kingdomm system | Roger Whittaker |
| Who did 3 domain | Carl Woese |
| Supergroups | An informal, high‑level taxonomic category used to classify major monophyletic clades of eukaryotes based on shared ancestry and molecular phylogenetic evidence |
| Protists | A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi, and are primarily unicellular |
| Systematics | Classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationship |
| Modern criteria for classification | 1. Anatomy- 2. Developmental stages- 3. Biochemical |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Each species has its own | Evolutionary history and fate |
| Phylogenetic tree | Branching diagram that describes phylogeny. Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among various species. Based on available info (morphology/molecular) |
| Phylogenies are based on what | Homologies in fossils and living organisms |
| Homology | Common structure, common function, common ancestor |
| Homologies | Homologous morphological traits.. |
| Convergent evolution**** check | Analogous similarities in similar environments |
| Analogies | Similarities due to convergent evolution |
| Homoplasy | Term used in place of analogy |
| Scientific name | A name that follows a code of naming for a group organism |
| Reproductive isolation | The set of biological mechanisms that prevent different species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring, maintaining species integrity |
| What is used to generate phylogenies | Anatomical and developmental characteristics, and molecular data |
| Shared trait | Shared primitive (ancestral) character |
| Not shared trait | Shared derived character |
| Notochord | A flexible rod in the back, present in all vertebrates |
| Vertebrae | Bones that encase and replace the notochord in an adult |
| In a phylogeny of rodents, continuously growing incisors are an _____ ____ because all rodents have them | Ancestral trait |
| In a phylogeny of mammals, continuously growing incisors are a _______ _____ | Derived trait |
| Paraphyletic group | Group includes the common ancestor and some, but not all, of the ancestor's descendants |
| Polyphyletic group | Group doesn't include the common ancestor of the group |
| Monophyletic group | Group includes the common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor. Group can be removed from the tree with a single "cut". |
| Land plants in Kingdom Plantae is a ____ group | Monophyletic |
| Reptiles are an example of a ___ group | Paraphyletic |
| Who approached classification as utilitarian | Dioscorides, herbalists |
| Who approached classification as form | Theophrastus |
| Who approached classification as artificial | Linnaeus |
| Who approached classification as natural | Bauhin |
| Who approached classification as phylogenetic | Modern workers |
| Arthur Cronquist | The major groups of angiosperms were divided, the Dicots into 6 subclasses and the Monocots into 5 |
| Artificial system (sexual system) | Involved counting the number of stamens (which gave the class) and the number of pistils (gave the order). It was an artificial system of grouping these plants as it had nothing to do with the evolutionary history of these species |
| Binomial system of nomenclature | Linnaeus championed the binomial system that we use today. |
| John Ray | Coined the word species. Used a classification that individuals that looked alike were grouped together, considered a natural system |
| Andrea Caesalpino | Considered the first plant taxonomist. Used a form system. First person to develop an Herbarium |
| Gasper Bauhin | First to use the binomial system of nomenclature. Classified 6000 species based on a natural system |
| L'Obel | Friend of Gerard hired to proof his text, found his plagiarism. Gerard discovered what he was hired for, and fired him |
| Gerard Herbal | Wrote the bestselling herbal ever. The Gerard Herbal. Written in English, not Latin |
| Leonhart Fuchs | Wrote a great herbal in Latin with excellent illustrations |
| Hieronymus Bock | Wrote a plant book, too poor for illustrations. Descriptions were better than any of his predecessors. Used a natural system of classification |
| Otto Brunfels | Given credit for the initiation of Modern Botany. Linnaeus referred to him as one of the Fathers of Botany |
| The Doctrine of Signatures | A philosophy shared by herbalists from the time of Dioscorides. States that herbs that resemble various parts of the body can be used to treat ailments of that part of the body |
| Pedanius Dioscorides | Wrote the most widely used herbal for 1500 years. Hand written |
| Pliny the Elder | Wrote an encyclopedia of natural history composed of 37 books. Books 12-27 devoted to trees, plants and medicaments and, of these, 7 books describe medicinal plants. In medieval herbals, it is Pliny's work that is the most frequently referenced |
| Theophrastus | Student of Aristotle. Wrote Enquiry into Plants, hand written, constitutes the most important contribution to botany during the Middle Ages. Some call him the Father of Botany |
| Utilitarian approach | Uses of a plant, herbology |
| Form approach | Habit of a plant, tree, shrub, herbaceous plant |
| Artificial approach | Few obvious characters, floral characters only |
| Natural approach | Overall resemblances of the plant, the whole plant |
| Phylogenetic approach (Pre-molecular, intuitive evolutionary ideas) | Primitive vs derived characters |
| Phylogenetic (Molecular, evolutionary) | Phylogenetically informative genes |
| Systematics | The classification of biological diversity through the use of shared ancestry (relatedness) |
| Taxonomy | Any system of organizing things based on shared characteristics |
| Classification | The process of subdividing large collections of items, living or not, into identifiable groups based on a rule or set of rules |
| Taxonomists assign each species a ________ consisting of a _____ and _______ _______ | Binomial, genus, species epithet |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Homology | Common structure, function, and ancestor |
| Homoplasy = | Analogy |
| Convergent evolution | The independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressures or ecological niches |
| What is used to generate phylogenies | Anatomical and developmental characteristics in addition to molecular data |
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