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Intro to Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetic changes in a population over ______ lead to the _________ __ ___ _______ | Generations, emergence of new species |
| Darwinism | Concept that evolution is brought about by the interplay of 3 principles |
| 3 principles of natural selection | Variation, heredity, and the struggle for existence |
| Variation | A factor that in part controls change in populations over time in all life |
| Heredity | The conservative force that transmits a similar organic form from one generation to another (traits) |
| The struggle for existence | Determines the variations that will confer advantages in each environment, thus altering species through a selective reproductive rate |
| Evolution before Darwin | A selection of those who speculated on the nature of living things prior to Darwin's book (not intended to be comprehensive in any sense) |
| Animaxander | 520 BC. Speculation on variability in a species and proposed that species change over time. Speculated that life had a single origin and that it was simpler in the past and has become more complex. |
| Xenophanes | 500 BC. Thought fossils held the key to earlier form of life & speculated about evolution of living forms. Concluded the land they were found had been underwater @ some point. Believed the world formed from the condensation of water and primordial mud. |
| Plato | 350 BC. Essentialism. All things have an "essence" or "form". His approach assumes that people and things have natural and essential common characteristics which are inherent, innate and unchanging. |
| Essentialism | The view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity |
| Aristotle | Species as types. Each "kind" is differentiated into species by come set of differentiae (The attribute by which one species is distinguished from all others of the same genus). Named some 500 species of birds, mammal, and fish |
| Age of Enlightenment | Roughly 1680-1800 |
| John Ray | 1686. Proposed an early definition of a species, and that individuals of a species are similar due to descent from a common ancestor. British botanist. Coined the word "species" |
| Carolus Linnaeus | 1753. Proposed a hierarchical scheme for organisms with a divine order of classification for living things. Believed in a fixed number of species on Earth, placed here by a Creator. Named 12,000 species. Did not embrace the idea of evolution. |
| Georges-Louis Leclere, Comte de Buffon | Proposed modern def of species. Not based on morphological similarity, but on ability to produce fertile offspring. Brought idea of evolution into the realm of science. Species undergo changes, possible that all animals evolved from single breeding pair |
| Charles Bonnet | 1770. Proposed organisms responded to natural catastrophes by evolving following a pre-determined path, not nat. selection. Theorized Earth periodically suffers catastrophes and survivors move up on evolution scale.First to use evolution in a bio context. |
| Georges Cuvier | 1800. Convinced that species go extinct, but no new species could arise, so evolution is impossible. Argued that bones of mammoth were of an extinct elephant species. CATASTROPHISM. Never accepted that species could change through time. |
| Trilobites | Became extinct about 230 MYA |
| Seed Ferns | Became extinct about 150 MYA |
| Dinosaurs | Became extinct about 65 MYA |
| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | 1809. Proposed separate origins for species through spontaneous generation and subsequent change by the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Each species evolves towards a goal. Giraffe neck example. |
| James Hutton | Gradualism/Uniformitarianism. Most geological change is small and the Earth is old, allows great change to accumulate. Stressed that the forces of geological change seen today are the same as have been operating since the origin of the Earth. |
| What importance did the uniformitarianism hypothesis from geology have in Darwin's ideas about biological evolution? | Slow geological processes lead to substantial change. Supported the idea that Earth was old enough to allow time for the process of evolution in the diversity of species we see today. |
| Thomas Malthus | Noted that the rate of population growth is greater than the rate of increase in food production. If this factor is left unchecked there would be famine. |
| What shaped Darwin's theory of speciation? | The uniformitarianism hypothesis, the Malthus concept population growth, and observations from the Voyage of the Beagle. |
| Variation | Within a population there is a diversity of traits (phenotypes). |
| Differential Reproductive Success | Overproduction of offspring and those individuals with more adaptive traits are more likely to survive to pass on those respective traits to their offspring. |
| Artificial Selection | The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals. |
| Natural selection can ___ or ___ only heritable traits; ___ ___ cannot be passed on to offspring | Amplify, diminish, acquired characteristics. |
| Evolution is not ___ ___ | Goal directed |
| Oldest known fossils | Prokaryote cells |
| How old are the oldest eukaryote fossils | 2.1 B years |
| How old are multicellular fossils | A few 100 million years after the first eukaryotes |
| ____ structures provide evidence of common ancestry | Homologous |
| Vestigial structures | Functionless structures are inherited from ancestors |
| Embryological similarity | Suggests common ancestry and evolution of groups |
| Gene pool | The total collection of genes in a population at any one time |
| Microevolution | A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time |
| Population genetics | Studies how populations change genetically over time |
| Hardy Weinberg principle | States that allele and genotype frequencies within a sexually reproducing, diploid population will remain in equilibrium unless outside forces act to change those frequencies (no matter how many generations pass) |
| Mutation | Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is the ultimate source of new alleles |
| Genetic drift | The process in which chance events change allele frequencies in a small population |
| Stabilizing selection | Favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes |
| Sexual dimorphism | In many animal species, males and females show distinctly different appearance |
| Intrasexual competition | Involves competition for mates, usually by males |
| Altruism | Refers to any behavior that endangers an individual organism or reduces its reproductive success but benefits other members of its species |
| Gene flow | Alleles are transferred from one gene pool to another when individuals move from one population to another and interbreed at the new location |
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