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Lecture Exam #1
Human body organization, chemistry, cell structures, integumentary system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Monosaccharides | Glucose, galactose, fructose |
| Disaccharides | Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
| Polysaccharides | Glycogen, starch, cellulose |
| Conjugated carbohydrates | Glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycan |
| Proteoglycan | Protein core surrounded by glucose, used for joint lubrication and cartilage |
| Triglycerides | Usual form of lipids made of fatty acids, protect and insulate organs |
| Phospholipids | Polar head and non-polar tail, form cell membrane |
| Cholesterol | Building block of steroids, used for cell membrane rigidity |
| Eicosanoids | Lipid derived from fatty acids (prostaglandins and thromboxane) |
| Prostaglandin | Eicosanoid promoting inflammation, stimulate contractions, regulate blood pressure, and GI motility, neuromodulator |
| Thromboxane | Eicosanoid that is a strong vasoconstrictor |
| Desmosomes | Structural proteins in cell walls that adhere cells together like velcro to prevent separation |
| Adhesion | Water molecules stick to other substances/surfaces |
| Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to each other |
| Plasma membrane function | Define cell border, control transportation, cell recognition, dictate interaction with other cells |
| Percent of lipids in plasma membrane | 95% |
| Percent of phospholipids out of all lipids in plasma membrane | 75% |
| Percent of cholesterol out of all lipids in plasma membrane | 20% |
| Percent of glycolipids out of all lipids in plasma membrane | 5% |
| Percent of proteins in plasma membrane | 2% |
| Integral protein | Protein penetrates plasma membrane partially or entirely |
| Transmembrane protein | Protein spans the entire width of plasma membrane |
| Peripheral protein | Protein adheres to one side of plasma membrane but doesn't penetrate |
| Receptor protein | Binds to chemical messengers (hormones/neurotransmitters) |
| Enzyme protein in plasma membrane | Breaks down chemical messengers |
| Channel proteins | Allow hydrophilic solutes and water through membrane passively |
| Gated channel proteins | Opens and closes to regulate ion concentrations in and out of cell |
| Ligand-gated channel proteins | Open/close in response to chemical messenger |
| Voltage-gated channel proteins | Open/close based on voltage changes |
| Mechanically-gated channel proteins | Open/close in response to physical stress on cell |
| Carriers | Membrane proteins that bind solutes to transfer them across the membrane |
| Pumps | Carriers that use ATP (active transport) and often have cotransport |
| Cell-identity markers | Glycoprotein ID molecules |
| Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) | Binds one cell to another cell or structure |
| Glycocalyx | Coating of glycoproteins and glycolipids unique for everyone |
| Glycocalyx function | ID to prove not foreign or cancerous, transplant compatibility, cell adhesion, embryonic development, fertilization |
| Passive transport | No ATP used to transport solutes down concentration gradient |
| Diffusion | Movement of solute down a concentration gradient |
| Factors affecting diffusion speed | Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentration gradient |
| Simple diffusion | Small, nonpolar, lipid-soluble particles pass directly through the membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | Small, polar, non-lipid-soluble particles pass through carrier/channel protein |
| Osmosis | Net flow of water through selectively permeable membrane |
| Aquaporins | Channel proteins specifically for water |
| Tonicity | Ability for surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure of cell |
| Active transport | ATP used to transport solutes against concentration gradient |
| Uniport | Carrier only transports one type of solute |
| Symport | Carrier transports 2+ solutes in same direction |
| Antiport | Carrier transports 2+ solutes in opposite directions |
| Primary active transport | Carrier moves solute up concentration gradient by directly using ATP |
| Secondary active transport | Carrier moves solute up concentration gradient by indirectly using ATP (cotransport) |
| Vesicular transport | Vesicles use ATP to move particles (generally larger stuff) |
| Endocytosis | Vesicles transport particles into the cell |
| Phagocytosis | Cell engulfs large particles to be digested |
| Pinocytosis | Cell collects droplet of extracellular fluid, nonspecific |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | Particles bind to receptors, signaling vesicle to form, highly specific |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles secrete particles out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | Internal cell contents including organelles, cytosol, cytoskeleton, and inclusions |
| Cytosol | Interior cell fluid made of water, ions, and enzymes |
| Microfilaments | Made of actin, form terminal web, used for cell movement |
| Intermediate filaments | Made of keratin, structural support |
| Microtubules | Made of tubulin, maintain cell shape, form basal bodies |
| Basal bodies | Base of cilia or flagella |
| Ribosome | Protein and rRNA structure used for protein synthesis |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Covered with ribosomes, make and modify proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Make and process lipids, detoxify alcohol/drugs, store calcium |
| Golgi Complex | Sort and send proteins for exocytosis, merging with plasma membrane, or lysosomes |
| Lysosome | Digest phagocyte contents and recycle old cell parts |
| Peroxisome | Neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol, break down fatty acids |
| Centrosome | Pair of centrioles that form mitotic spindle from microtubules |
| Centriole | Structure of microtubules that form mitotic spindle and basal bodies |
| Cilia | Hair-like extensions from cell for movement or monitoring external cell environment |
| Motile cilia | Used for propulsion, found in respiratory tract, uterine tubes, brain ventricles |
| Primary cilia | Non-motile, on almost every cell, 'antenna' to monitor external conditions |
| Nuclear envelope | Double membrane with ribosomes and nuclear pore, protecting nucleus and regulate passage |
| Nucleoplasm | Stuff inside nuclear envelope |
| Nucleolus | Center of nucleus where ribosomes are made |
| Chromatid | Densely packed DNA and proteins in nucleus |
| Skin | Epidermis and dermis, used for protection, vitamin D synthesis, body temp regulation sensation, waste excretion, blood reservoir |
| Epidermis | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, few nerves |
| Keratinocyte | Produces keratin |
| Tactile cell | Touch receptor cell at basal layer of epidermis |
| Stem cell | Form keratinocytes in epidermis |
| Melanocyte | Makes melanin for UV protection |
| Dendritic cell | Macrophage in stratum granulosum and spinosum |
| Stratum corneum | top layer of epidermis, many layers of dead keratinized cells |
| Stratum lucidum | only in thick skin, thin pale layer |
| Stratum granulosum | 3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes with granules in cells |
| Stratum spinosum | Several layers of keratinocytes joined with desmosomes and tight junctions |
| Stratum basale | Bottom layer of epidermis, single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes on basement membrane |
| Dermis | Collagen fibers in two layers, has nerves, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands |
| Papillary layer | Top dermis layer with dermal papillae, loose areolar tissue allowing mobility for WBCs |
| Reticular layer | Bottom dermis layer of dense irregular connective tissue, pockets of adipose, highly vascularized, resist tensile stress and body temp regulation |
| Mast cells | Secrete histamines to stimulate inflammation |
| Hypodermis | Highly vascularized areolar and adipose tissue to pad body and bind skin to underlying tissues, has subcutaneous fat |
| Freckles | Flat accumulations of melanin |
| Moles | Elevated patches of melanin |
| Hemangiomas | Birthmark, clusters of malformed dermal capillaries |
| Friction ridges | Fingertip markings for fingerprint |
| Flexion ridges | Lines on flexor surface of palm, fingers, wrists, elbow |
| Cleavage lines | Separation of collagen bundles in reticular dermis forming parallel lines along body, determine wound healing |
| Eumelanin | Brown-black pigment |
| Pheomelanin | Red-yellow pigment |
| Carotene | Yellow pigment from vitamin A, orange/yellow foods |
| Hair | Hard keratin that responds to stimulus, prevents heat loss, protects from sunlight |
| Lanugo | Fine unpigmented fetal hair |
| Vellus | Fine unpigmented hair (child/pre-pubescent) |
| Teminal | Longer, courser heavily pigmented hair after puberty (armpit and groin area) |
| Nails | Hardened stratum corneum as protective cover and counterforce to enhance sensitivity |
| Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat Glands | Most common, watery sweat to cool body, concentrated on palms, soles, forehead |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Milky sweat with fatty acids, in armpit, groin, anal region, areola |
| Ceruminous glands | In external ear canal, make cerumen |
| Earwax | Cerumen, sebum, and dead skin cells mixed to lubricate ear canal and be antibacterial |
| Sebaceous glands | Secrete sebum (oil) into hair follicles, develop from hair follicles |
Created by:
XiaoYiSheng