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SOC EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is sociology? | The systematic study of society, social relationships, and social behavior. |
| What are the social sciences? | Academic fields that study human society and social behavior, including sociology, psychology, economics, political science, and anthropology. |
| What is a beginner's mind? | Approaching something without assumptions, as if experiencing it for the first time. |
| What is culture shock? | Feelings of confusion or discomfort when experiencing an unfamiliar culture. |
| What is the sociological imagination? | The ability to connect personal experiences to larger social forces and historical circumstances. |
| Who developed the concept of the sociological imagination? | C. Wright Mills. |
| What did C. Wright Mills argue? | Personal troubles are often connected to larger public issues and social structures. |
| What is the difference between a personal trouble and a public issue? | A personal trouble affects an individual, while a public issue affects many people and is connected to larger social forces. |
| Who is often considered the founder/father of sociology? | Auguste Comte. |
| What is positivism? | The idea that society can be studied using scientific methods and observable evidence. |
| Who was Ibn Khaldun? | An early thinker who systematically studied society and social cohesion. |
| Who was Harriet Martineau? | An early female sociologist who studied gender, inequality, slavery, and social life. |
| Who was Herbert Spencer? | A sociologist who compared society to a living organism and applied evolutionary ideas to society. |
| What is Herbert Spencer associated with? | Social evolution and viewing society as an organism. |
| What is mechanical solidarity? | Social unity based on people's similarities, shared beliefs, and similar lifestyles. |
| What is organic solidarity? | Social unity based on specialization and people's dependence on one another. |
| Mechanical vs. organic solidarity? | Mechanical = similarity; Organic = specialization and interdependence. |
| Which type of solidarity is more common in traditional societies? | Mechanical solidarity |
| Which type of solidarity is more common in modern societies? | Organic solidarity |
| What is class consciousness? | Awareness of one's shared interests and position as a member of a social class. |
| What is false consciousness? | When members of an oppressed class fail to recognize their true class interests. |
| What is the tragedy of culture? | The idea that cultural products created by humans can become so complex that they eventually constrain or overwhelm individuals. |
| Who developed the tragedy of culture theory? | Georg Simmel |
| What is hegemony? | The process by which dominant groups maintain power by making their ideas and values seem normal or like common sense. |
| Who is associated with hegemony? | Antonio Gramsci. |
| What are manifest functions? | Intended and recognized consequences of an action or institution. |
| What are latent functions? | Unintended or unrecognized consequences. |
| Manifest vs. latent functions? | Manifest = intended/obvious; latent = unintended/hidden. |
| Who developed the concepts of manifest and latent functions? | Robert Merton. |
| What is impression management? | The process of controlling how other people perceive you. |
| Who developed the concept of impression management? | Erving Goffman. |
| front stage refers to | how we behave hewn other people are watching |
| back stage refers to | how we behave when we can relax and no one is watching |
| What is intersectionality? | The idea that different forms of inequality, such as race, gender, and class, can overlap and interact. |
| What does structural functionalism focus on? | How different parts of society work together to maintain stability and order. |
| What does conflict theory focus on? | Inequality, competition, power, and conflict over resources. |
| Which sociologist heavily influenced conflict theory? | Karl Marx |
| What is qualitative research? | Research focused on words, meanings, experiences, and detailed descriptions. |
| What is quantitative research? | Research focused on numbers, measurements, and statistics. |
| What is an independent variable? | The variable that is changed or manipulated by the researcher. |
| What is a dependent variable? | The variable that is measured to determine whether it changes. |
| What is deductive research? | Starting with a theory, developing a hypothesis, and then collecting data to test it. |
| What is inductive research? | Starting with observations/data and using patterns to develop a theory. |
| What is ethnography? | Studying people by observing and/or participating in their everyday lives. |
| What is an advantage of ethnography? | It provides detailed, in-depth information about people's everyday lives. |
| What is a disadvantage of ethnography? | It can be time-consuming, involve small samples, and be difficult to generalize. |
| What is basic research? | Research designed to increase knowledge and understanding. |
| What is applied research? | Research designed to solve a practical problem. |
| What is reactivity? | When people change their behavior because they know they are being observed or studied. |
| What did Stanley Milgram study? | Participants were instructed to administer increasingly severe electric shocks to another person when they answered incorrectly. |
| What did Milgram's study demonstrate? | Ordinary people may obey authority even when they believe their actions could harm another person. |
| What did the Stanford Prison Experiment study? | How assigned social roles and situations could influence behavior. |
Created by:
mrider