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PHIL101 EXAM 1
takes through socrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Thales think everything was of | WATER |
| What did he mean by there is an underlying unity between all things | we must assumes there is more to reality |
| how does the carrot problem relate to Thales ideas? | things become other things |
| what is Thales philosophy | anything can become anything AND there is unity in the underlying everything |
| What are Thales foundational conclusions | There must be underlying unity there is a difference in appearance vs reality analyze sense(like your five senses) with reason |
| How did Anaximander and Thales agree | there is a underlying unity |
| How did Anaximander and Thales disagree | Thales thought everything was made of water whereas Anaximander believed in the indeterminate boundless |
| what is the indeterminate boundless | things are unlimited without a specific nature a specific kind of thing cannot become different types of things |
| How did Anaximander account for the many | with eternal motion |
| what is eternal motion | a separation that produces everything |
| how does the vat of water idea relate to eternal motion | If you have a vat of water and gently swirl in dirt, then the sedate will form layers. These layers have different properties |
| What did Anaximenes agree with Thales and Anaximander on | the underlying unity |
| What did Anaximenes disagree with Thales and Anaximander on | what the world was made of. Anaximenes thought it was air |
| why does Anaximenes choose air | air can swirl and have individuality in things |
| How is this related to quality vs quantity | the difference in quality is based on. differences in the quantity as air expands and contracts |
| What was math to Pythagoras | a religious exercise to purify the soul |
| what is form | nature or essence answered the question what is it |
| How does Heraclitus explain unity and change | everything is fire fire is the nature of change |
| What does ordered change imply | opposite things are one ex) alive and dead something lost here is gained there |
| How is fire logos | it is reason, rational principles, law and mind |
| What did Heraclitus think of fire as | god and proof od gods existence. ORDER REQUIRES A NATURAL ORDERER |
| because Heraclitus is a pantheist what does that mean about god | everything is god, the physical universe is just god |
| What is Parmenides the One | the one is all there is there is no change or motion, no discrete individual objects, its all the one |
| what is the first premises of the One | thought and being are the same the way we think of things is the way they are and vice versa if you cannot think of something it cannot exist |
| what is the second premises of the One | you can't think of nothing even thinking of nothing is thinking |
| what is the third premises of the One | therefore there is no nothing anywhere, everything is something |
| why is Parmenides against change | change means coming into and out of being from nothing and passing out of being into nothing but there is nothing so nothing can change |
| why does Parmenides believe there is no motion | motion requires empty space (nothing) for things to move into |
| why does Parmenides believe there there are no discrete individual objects | they require nothing between them |
| why does Parmenides believe that the one is homogenous | if more stuff can't be here than there so there is less and more nothing |
| why is the One everlasting | can't come into being or change at all |
| why is the One spherical | spheres are the perfect shape and it lacks limits |
| How does Empedocles fix Parmenides problem | there is change but nothing is coming into pr put of being |
| According to Empedocles what are objects made of | Tiny particles that are eternal and unchanging they are made of the four greek elements |
| what is change to Empedocles | the particles rearranging , as they never enter or exit being |
| What are Empedocles forces of nature | love and hate, they go through a constant cycle of bringing together and falling apart |
| what is love to Empedocles | love is the force that brings things together like gravity |
| What is hate to Empedocles | hate is the force that rips things apart |
| Empedocles's evolution idea is | we all came from the ocean and from a series of random mutations occurred and if reproduction was possible it would occur |
| What were Anaxagoras 2 contributions to solve Parmenides problem | the importance of forms and Heraclitus was correct in saying that order requires and orderer |
| to Anaxagoras why were forms important | everything is made of particles of everything else |
| homoiomorous definition | made of parts having the same nature as the whole |
| o Anaxagoras why were natures important | natures do not come into or out of being |
| How does Anaxagoras adapt Heraclitus's idea in the orderer | order requires an orderer but cannot be homoiomorous |
| to Anaxagoras what does the mind mean | the mind (god) is different from and transcends matter |
| The atomists | come up with the void and atomic theory |
| The void is | empty space but it is different than nothing |
| to the atomists what exists | all there is is atoms and the void |
| what are atoms to atomists | tiny invisible particles in an indefinite number, they are eternal and come in many shapes |
| What happens when atoms collide | they make the sensible world around us |
| what is change to an atomist | change is the rearranging of these atoms so you can get different thing but the atoms themselves never come into or out of being |
| Why are the atomists atheists | the world is not a product of the ordering mind but it is simply the atom and the void |
| How do atomists explain the lack of forms | they are mistaken for asking, it isn't important what kind of thing you are |
| How do the atomists use epistemology | it justifies their belief that our reasoning is connected to the truth |
| how to atomists explain/ use morality | ask what could be ground for moral truth |
| What did the sophists adopt | the ideas of skepticism and relativism |
| what is relativism | the truth is subjective to everyone, it is how thing appear to you |
| Potagoras main idea | truth is relative and there is no objective truth to individual perceivers |
| Potagoras views on morality | order is good so obey the laws of the community |
| What does Gorgias believe | nothing exists if we did something we couldn't know it |
| What is the big problem with Gorgias | he says we can't communicate but refutes his own claims by telling other people them |
| Thraymachus thought son moral relativism | there's no objective truth to moral claims, morality is subjective |
| what are Thraymachus thoughts involving the ring of gages(invisibility ring ) | You should do whatever you want, you will get away with it and can run around doing terrible things |
| Socrates dislikes sophists because | they are self refuting and morally pernicious |
| What was Socrates big realization | you only know what you truly know. we have limitations |
| What was Socrates thoughts on doubt | doubt is good and helps you have reasonable ideas |
| What is the epistemic method | we do communicate so we must have shared concepts |
| What was Socrates ideas on morality | virtue=knowledge you would never knowingly do something wrong |
| how does Socrates define virtue | an activity aimed at the goal of human life; happiness |
| how does Socrates define happiness | fulfilling your function, your nature as a human being |
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