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Peds Exam 1
Child Development and Health Promotion Infancy pt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| body image development | infants build a sense of self through the senses |
| body image development parallels to | sensorimotor development |
| what senses do the infants build a sense of self through | Tactile experiences — mouth is the principal pleasure sensation; hands/fingers to suck, hands/feet to play Smiling Object permanence and separation awareness Growing interest in their own image |
| infants love to look at themselves | through the mirror |
| Social and Emotional Development during Infancy | behaviors take on social meaning! |
| infants are | NARCISSISTIC, their needs are primary |
| infants have limited but increasing | tolerance of frustration |
| Behaviors allow the infant to | manipulate their social environment |
| what behaviors allow the infant to manipulate their social environment | responding to voce, smiling, reaching, reciprocal touch |
| temperament | the infant's individual behavioral style, shaping goodness of fit with caregivers |
| children are born with | temperament! it is genetic based! |
| Social and Emotional Development — Attachment | Increasing preferences build toward lasting attachment |
| attachment during 6-9 mo | Stranger anxiety emerges they are fearful of the unfamiliar |
| attachment during 6-12 mo | separation anxiety emerges like when separated from caregiver |
| what does separation anxiety indicate | the child is bonded with their parents! |
| how to work through separation anxiety | work through object permanence! children will learn the parent will come back |
| Reactive Attachment Disorder | Results from maladaptive or absent attachment |
| Increasing preferences for these toys during 6-12 mo | Toys Sensory stimulation Caregivers |
| early psychosocial development psychologist | erikson |
| early psychosocial development: infancy (birth to 1yr) | trust vs. mistrust |
| what is occurring at prime development time during infancy | conflict |
| trust: infancy | The world is good; my needs will be met. basic needs met and consistently have shelter, warmth, food |
| mistrust: infancy | the world is chaotic and unpredictable this happens if needs are not met |
| sensory development involves senses that | mature at different rates |
| senses involved in sensory development | hearing, sight, smell & taste, touch |
| hearing | fully developed at birth, must pass before d/c |
| sight | Eyes cross occasionally, nearsighted at first binocular (coordinated) vision ~4 mo full color, distance vision & tracking by 7 mo |
| what age do eyes stop crossing | at 4 months |
| smell and taste | Present and functional from birth Develops rapidly |
| when can infants smell breast milk | 1 wk |
| what taste do infants prefer | sweet |
| touch | Responds to holding, stroking, rocking, cuddling Most important for newborn communication!! |
| Play During Infancy | Quality matters more than quantity — safety first |
| 0-3 mo play | Onlooker watches faces and movement |
| 3-6 mo play | Solitary play rattles, high contrast books parents should be interacting with their kids |
| 6-10 mo play | interactive games, toys, peek a boo, patty cake, working to development object permanence |
| 10-12 mo play | purposeful play stacking, push/pull toys |
| Four pillars of Health Promotion — Infancy | nutrition dental health and teething pain sleep and rest immunizations |
| Infant Nutrition for first 12 mo | Human milk or formula for the first 12 months |
| feeding basics for infants | Breast milk is best; feeding itself is what’s necessary Feeding schedule: wake newborn to feed every 2–3 hours Vitamin D supplement within first few days if breastfed Iron supplement at 4 months if exclusively breastfed Preparation |
| how long do you wake and feed every 2-3 hrs | until surpass NB weight |
| why do you give vit D supplement | to help prevent Ricketts |
| iron supplements for breastfeed but not formula, why? | iron in formula |
| preparation | follow formula directions no microwaving, creates hotspots and can have breakdown |
| introducing solids around | 6 months, complementary for first year should be able to sit individually |
| intro finger foods at | 9-10 months, coincides with pincer grasp |
| what age can infants have cows milk or honey | 1 year due to botulism in honey and the lack of digestion for cows milk which could lead to bleeding |
| safety precautions when intro new foods | No hard, round foods; watch for allergens |
| allergen risk | introducing new foods makes child at high risk for allergens, intro 1 food at a time and wait 2 days to intro another in case of allergic reaction |
| Healthy People 2030 — Breastfeeding | Increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed exclusively through 6 months Increase the proportion of infants who are breastfed at 1 year breastfeeding is good for bonding and decreasing illnesses |
| dental health: avoid these things | Propping the bottle Bottle in bed Fruit juice in the bottle |
| dental health: do these things | Fluoride supplement after 6 months if needed First oral exam at 6 months; dentist established by 1 year Start cleaning teeth twice daily as first tooth erupts (wet washcloth is fine) |
| AAPD Toothpaste Guidance | Soft, age-appropriate toothbrush · fluoridated toothpaste |
| <2 years and toothpaste | "Smear" or rice-sized amount |
| 2-5 years and toothpaste | pea sized amount |
| safety precautions with dental hygiene | ALWAYS assist young children when brushing |
| infant sleep needs | to evolve quickly in the first year |
| early infancy, hours recommended per day | 10-20hrs |
| by 6 months (most by 4 mo) | typically sleeping through the night |
| 1-2 years sleep routine | naps by 12, plus a full night |
| when should you start bedtime routine | by 4 mo |
| SUID | Sudden Unexpected Infant Death |
| Three causes of death in infants under 1 year | SIDS Ill-defined causes Accidental suffocation |
| SIDS | cannot be explained |
| Ill-defined causes | deaths from ill-defined or unspecified causes |
| Accidental suffocation | Suffocation and strangulation in bed |
| risk factors for sleep | Sleeping on stomach combined w outside stressor Overheating Secondhand smoke exposure Soft mattress, bedding, or objects in bed Co-sleeping / bed sharing |
| protective factors for sleep | Back to sleep — naps & bedtime Breastfeeding Pacifier at sleep times Room sharing without bed sharing Firm, flat sleep surface — no toys Lower sleep temps |
| ABC of safe sleep | alone, back, crib |
| Health People 2030 Safe Sleep | Increase the proportion of infants who are put down to sleep on their backs |
| Common Developmental Concerns — Infancy | Separation and stranger anxiety Colic Thumb sucking, pacifiers, security items Spitting up Teething |
| Separation & Stranger Anxiety are both | normal signs of healthy attachment |
| Separation Anxiety | Normal part of strong, healthy attachment Use quick rituals for goodbyes Tell the child the caregiver will return Transition objects Separation/return games: Peekaboo, hide and seek |
| Separation Anxiety typically resolves by | age 3 |
| Separation Anxiety can reoccur in | new, stressful situations |
| Stranger Anxiety | Normal development — self as separate from others Have new people approach slowly, calmly Keep parent/caregiver in sight Encourage parents to stay calm Prepare the child ahead of time |
| Colic is a diagnosis of | exclusion |
| colic resolves with | time |
| colic is | >3 hrs/day of inconsolable crying, without physical cause — higher incidence in the evening |
| colic typically resolves by | 3 months |
| possible causes of colic | Immature gastrointestinal system Immature neurological system Infant temperament Parenting style |
| spitting up is | usually normal if gaining weight and wetting 6+ diapers a day |
| risk factors for spitting up | Overfeeding Parent-set feeding schedule Burping poorly |
| management for spitting up | Smaller, more frequent feedings Burp infant 2–3 times per feeding Position upright 30 minutes after feeding Avoid compressing the stomach, bouncing, or excess activity after feeding |
| Thumb Sucking & Pacifier Use is healthy self soothing as long as | there is a plan to wean |
| Pacifier use is linked to increased | incidence of otitis media |
| Consider weaning around | 1 year, as need for non-nutritive sucking decreases |
| when should you not wean | in times of stress |
| easing teething pain | Chilled (not frozen) teething rings Ice cube wrapped in a washcloth Occasional acetaminophen or ibuprofen (> 6 months old) |
| what should you avoid to ease teething pain | Avoid over-the-counter topical anesthetics containing benzocaine (e.g., Orajel) |
Created by:
leh195