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CELL BIO CH2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Proton | Located in the atomic nucleus, with a mass of 1 g/mol (1 Dalton) and a charge of +1 |
| Neutron | Uncharged particle in the atomic nucleus, with a mass of 1 g/mol (1 Dalton) |
| Electron | Orbits the nucleus in electron shells with a -1 charge and negligible mass |
| Nucleus | The dense central core of an atom containing its protons and neutrons |
| Electron Shell | Concentric orbits around the nucleus that accommodate up to 2 (1st shell), 8 (2nd shell), or 18 (3rd shell) electrons |
| Atomic Number | The unique number of protons in an atom's nucleus, defining its element identity |
| Mass Number / Atomic Weight | The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus |
| Chemically Inert vs. Reactive | Atoms with full outer shells are unreactive (inert); those with incomplete outer shells are reactive and form chemical bonds |
| Covalent Bond | Strong chemical bond formed when two atoms share pairs of valence electrons |
| Single vs. Double Covalent Bond | Single bonds share 2 electrons (1 pair); double bonds share 4 electrons (2 pairs) and are shorter, stronger, and resist rotation |
| Nonpolar vs. Polar Covalent Bond | Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds share electrons unequally due to differing electronegativities, creating partial charges |
| Electronegativity | An atom's intrinsic ability to pull shared electrons toward itself in a bond |
| Ionic Bond | Noncovalent bond formed by complete electron transfer, producing cations (+) and anions (-) held together in salts |
| Hydrogen Bond | Electrostatic interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (such as O or N) |
| Van der Waals Attraction | Weak electrostatic force between adjacent atoms caused by transient, random fluctuations in electron clouds |
| Hydrophobic Interaction | Attraction between nonpolar molecules driven by repulsion from surrounding polar water molecules |
| Bond Strength Ranking | Ordered in water as: Covalent > Ionic > Hydrogen > Van der Waals |
| Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic | Hydrophilic substances (polar molecules, ions, salts) dissolve in water via hydrogen bonds/electrostatic interactions; hydrophobic substances (nonpolar hydrocarbons) do not dissolve |
| pH & Buffer | pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; buffers cooperate as acid-base systems to maintain stable cellular pH |
| Mole / Avogadro's Number | Standard chemical quantity of 6.022 x 10^(23) particles used to calculate molar solutions |
| Methyl Group (-CH_3) | A nonpolar hydrocarbon functional group |
| Hydroxyl / Alcohol Group (-OH) | A polar functional group containing oxygen and hydrogen |
| Carbonyl / Ketone Group (=O) | A functional group featuring a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom |
| Carboxyl / Carboxylic Acid Group (-COOH) | An acidic functional group that dissociates in water to become negatively charged |
| Ester Group (-COOR) | Linkage formed by a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol |
| Amine Group (-NH_2) | A basic functional group that accepts a proton in water to become positively charged |
| Amide Group | An uncharged polar linkage formed by combining a carboxylic acid and an amine group |
| Phosphate Group | A negatively charged group linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds |
| Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction | Covalently links monomers together while releasing a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | Cleaves covalent bonds within polymers by adding a water molecule |
| Macromolecular Assembly | Complex cellular structures (e.g., ribosomes) formed when macromolecules combine via noncovalent interactions |
| Monosaccharide | Single sugar unit with general formula containing hydroxyl groups and an aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose) |
| Hexose vs. Pentose | 6-carbon sugar (e.g., glucose) vs. 5-carbon sugar (e.g., ribose or deoxyribose) |
| Isomers & a/b links | Molecules with identical formulas but different spatial arrangements; alpha and beta ring forms depend on the orientation of the hydroxyl group at C1 |
| Glycosidic Bond | Covalent bond connecting sugar units, formed via condensation |
| Disaccharide, Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide | Carbohydrates made of 2 sugars (disaccharide), 3–10 sugars (oligosaccharide), or >10 to hundreds of sugars (polysaccharide like glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin) |
| Amino Acid | Protein monomer with a central $\alpha$-carbon bonded to a hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, and variable side chain (R group) |
| Amino Acid Classes | Grouped by R group properties into nonpolar, uncharged polar, acidic (negatively charged), or basic (positively charged) |
| Peptide Bond | Rigid, planar covalent amide linkage formed by condensation that connects amino acids in a polypeptide |
| Conformation & Subunit | Conformation is the folded 3D protein structure; a subunit is an individual polypeptide chain within a protein assembly |
| Nucleotide vs. Nucleoside | A nucleotide contains a 5-carbon pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and phosphate group(s); a nucleoside lacks phosphate groups |
| Purines vs. Pyrimidines | Purines are double-ring bases (Adenine, Guanine); pyrimidines are single-ring bases (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil) |
| Phosphoanhydride Bond | High-energy covalent bond linking adjacent phosphate groups in nucleotides like ATP |
| Phosphodiester Bond | Covalent bond linking nucleotides into nucleic acid chains (DNA/RNA) via condensation |
| DNA vs. RNA | DNA is a double-stranded double helix storing genetic information (A, C, G, T; deoxyribose sugar); RNA is a single-stranded transient copy (A, C, G, U; ribose sugar) |
| Lipid | Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) organic molecule used for energy storage and cell membranes |
| Amphipathic | Having both strongly hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the same molecule |
| Fatty Acid | Amphipathic lipid with a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic carboxyl head |
| Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acid: | Saturated tails have no carbon-carbon double bonds; unsaturated tails contain double bonds that introduce kinks, decreasing packing and increasing membrane fluidity |
| Triacylglycerol | Three fatty acid chains esterified to a glycerol backbone; stored as energy droplets in cells |
| Phospholipid & Lipid Bilayer | Amphipathic lipid (two fatty acids + phosphate + glycerol) that forms self-sealing cell membrane bilayers |
| Isoprenoids & Sterols | Isoprenoids are long-chain polymers of 5-carbon isoprene units (e.g., dolichol phosphate); sterols share a rigid multi-ring hydrocarbon structure (e.g., cholesterol) |
Created by:
bbrdd