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HistoricalAstronomer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Egyptians- (25,000 BC) | established the first 365 day calendar of 12 months |
| Babylonians calculated | the length of a year with an accuracy of 30 min |
| Thales in 585 BC (greek) | Able to predict the occurrence of eclipses |
| Pythagoras (greek) | realized the Earth and Moon are round |
| Aristotle (greek) | - Earth is the center of the Universe (Geocentrism) - The Earth is unmoving because you can’t feel it - All celestial bodies are spheres orbiting in 53 concentric crystalline spheres "The circle is the “most perfect” shape" |
| Aristarchus (greek) | - Suggest a Sun-centered solar system (Heliocentric) - Rejected because parallax could not be detected He claimed because the stars were too far away |
| Parallax | an apparent shift in the position of nearby stars relative to distant stars due to the motion of the Earth |
| Eratosthenes (greek) | Calculated the Earth’s circumference- 40,000km Actual: 40,075 km! |
| Ptolemy (roman) | - Wrote a 140 volume encyclopedia summarizing greek astronomy -Described mathematically a geocentric model, that was accepted for 1,000 years - Problem with Retrograde Motion solved by epicycles |
| Retrograde Motion | the apparent backward movement of some planets against the background of stars |
| Arab | preserved Ptolemy’s work following the fall of Rome, improved calculations of the Earth’s tilt and circumference |
| China | longest consecutive record of astronomy observations spanning 2,000 years |
| Mayans | complex and accurate calendar, tracked planets and eclipses as a form of astrology |
| India | Aryabhata (476 AD-550 AD) a mathematician wrote text describing a heliocentric model with a Rotating Earth Elliptical orbits Moon reflecting the sunlight |
| Copernicus | 1473 - 1543 Developed Heliocentric model Weaker political/religious control and the printing press made spreading new ideas easier Still held onto the idea of perfectly circular orbits |
| Tycho Brahe | 1546 - 1601 Built the first observatory and measured the positions of stars and planets to the highest degree of accuracy possible for the time |
| Johannes Kepler | 1571 - 1630 Student of Tycho Brahe Used Brahe’s data to develop his Laws of Planetary Motion Solved the problem of epicycles |
| Keplers planetary laws. Planets orbit in ellipses with the sun at one focus Planet to sun radius sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time Orbital period squared is proportional to the semimajor axis | Second Law means that a planet or satellite get faster as it travels closer to the focus of its orbit(sun). Third Law means that the larger the orbit of the planet the longer its year will be. |
| Galileo Galilei | 1564 - 1642 Invented the first telescope Discovered things that destroyed the notion of a “perfect” geocentric universe Sunspots Lunar Maria Phases of Venus Moons of Jupiter |
| Isaac Newton | 1643 - 1727 Developed the Law of Universal Gravitation, a new theory of light, and Calculus, all essential for further discoveries Created first reflecting telescope |
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