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anatomy CH4

QuestionAnswer
what are glands? attached to or derived from epithelia; produce secretions; help with permeability and sensation
epithelial cells are: polar (apical/basal); mostly made of cells; avascular; high rate of division
function of microvilli in epithelia absorption
function of cilia in epithelia transport
gap junctions connexon proteins form passageways for ions/small molecules; hold cells together
tight junctions near apical surface; interlocking membrane proteins; adhesion belt; prevent water/solute passage
lumen passageway between apical surface and rest of tube
desmosomes CAMs + proteoglycans; strong; resist tearing/stretching
spot desmosomes cell to cell
hemidesmosomes cell to basement membrane
CAMs transmembrane proteins binding cells/materials
glycosaminoglycans polysaccharide‑derived proteoglycans linking membranes
proteoglycans protein core + glycosaminoglycans; prevent water loss
function of basal lamina selective filter; restricts protein/large molecule movement
function of reticular lamina reticular fibers + ground substance; filters between epi and tissues
mesothelium stratified squamous lining abdominal cavities
endothelium stratified squamous lining blood vessels and heart
function of keratinized epithelium resists mechanical stress/dehydration
function of nonkeratinized epithelium resists abrasion; dries without moisture
endocrine glands release secretions into blood
exocrine glands release secretions onto epithelial surface or ducts
ducts passageways opening onto epithelial surface
unicellular exocrine gland goblet cells (intestines) or mucous cells (elsewhere)
multicellular exocrine gland secretory sheets; simple/compound; alveolar/tubular
where to find simple tubular glands glands of intestines
where to find simple coiled tubular glands merocrine/sweat glands
where to find simple branched glands gastric glands; mucous glands of esophagus/duodenum/tongue
where to find simple alveolar glands only in development
where to find branched alveolar glands sebaceous/oil glands
where to find coiled tubular glands mouth mucous glands; bulbo‑urethral glands; testes
where to find coiled tubulo‑alveolar glands salivary glands; respiratory glands; pancreas
where to find coiled alveolar glands mammary glands
function of hyaluronan links epithelial cells together
merocrine secretion exocytosis; most common
apocrine secretion cytoplasm + secretion break off; regrows
holocrine secretion cell bursts to release secretion
serous glands watery enzyme solution; parotid glands
mucous glands mucins + water; sublingual glands
mixed glands serous + mucous; submandibular glands
function of connective tissue connect epithelium to body
types of connective tissue CTP, fluid tissue, supporting connective tissue
what makes collagen in CTP fibroblasts
fibroblasts present; secrete proteins/hyaluronan; form proteoglycans
fibrocytes maintain CT fibers
adipocytes fat cells; large droplet pushing nucleus aside
mesenchymal cells stem cells; divide after injury
melanocytes store melanin; skin/dermis/eye
macrophages phagocytes; activate immune system
mast cells develop in blood; mature in vascular tissues; contain histamine/heparin
histamine inflammatory
heparin anti‑coagulant
basophils blood cells with histamine/heparin
lymphocytes migrate; may become plasma cells
microphages phagocytic blood cells; respond to macro/mast signals
collagen fibers strong, straight, unbranched; tendons/ligaments
tendons muscle to bone
ligaments bone to bone
plasma cell produces antibodies
antibodies fight disease
reticular fibers thin, branching; stroma; stabilize parenchyma
parenchyma functional cells of organ
elastic fibers elastin; branched/wavy; interconnect vertebrae
ground substance viscous; slows bacteria
functions of LCT fill spaces; support epi; store lipids; route for diffusion
embryonic LCT/mesenchyme star‑shaped cells; fine matrix; develops mucous tissue
capillaries thin‑walled; deliver O₂/nutrients; remove waste
areolar LCT least specialized; elastic; absorbs shock; separates skin from muscle
adipose LCT white fat; brown fat produces heat
reticular LCT 3D stroma holding specialized cells
dense regular LCT parallel collagen; tendons/ligaments
dense irregular LCT no pattern; cartilage sheath; capsules
aponeuroses flat tendinous sheets; stabilize tendons/ligaments
elastic LCT elastic fibers; support transitional epi
fascia fibrous CT wrapping/supporting organs/muscles
superficial fascia areolar/adipose; insulation/padding
deep fascia dense regular; resists forces; fibrous network
subserous fascia areolar; lines organs
blood FT plasma + formed elements
red blood cell no nucleus; transport O₂/CO₂
monocyte phagocyte; similar to macrophages
lymphocytes dominant in lymph
eosinophils/neutrophils phagocytes
platelets cytoplasmic packets for clotting
arteries take blood__ away from heart
veins take blood__ to heart
lymph FT enters lymphatic vessels for filtering
cartilage SCT firm gel; chondroitin sulfates; proteoglycans; lacunae; avascular; poor healing
cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium; fibrous outer; cellular inner
interstitial growth growth from within
appositional growth chondroblasts add to surface
central canals in bone blood vessel passage
canaliculi in bone material exchange network
periosteum function attachment; growth; repair
mucous membranes line respiratory/digestive/urinary/reproductive; coated with mucous
serous membranes line peritoneal/pleural/pericardial cavities
cutaneous skin; outer body surface
synovial membranes line joints; produce synovial fluid
skeletal muscle long cylindrical fibers; multinucleate; striated; voluntary
how skeletal muscles move striated actin/myosin under nervous control
cardiac muscle short branched; 1–5 nuclei; intercalated discs; pacemaker cells; involuntary
smooth muscle spindle‑shaped; no striations; 1 nucleus; divides; gap junctions
damaged cells release prostaglandins, proteins, potassium
damaged CT releases mast cells → inflammation
autolysis causes necrosis → pus
fibrosis replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue
Created by: user-1971420
 



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