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anatomy CH3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the plasma membrane contain | carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
| describe the phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane) (3 parts) | hydrophilic phosphate heads, hydrophobic lipid tails, cholesterol stiffens membrane |
| integral proteins | part of membrane structure; cannot be removed without damage |
| peripheral proteins | bound to inner/outer surface; easily separated |
| anchoring proteins | attach membrane to structures; stabilize position |
| recognition proteins | allow immune system to recognize self |
| receptor proteins | bind ligands (extracellular molecules/ions) |
| carrier proteins | bind solutes and transport across membrane; may require ATP |
| channels | central pore allowing ions/water‑soluble molecules through bilayer |
| gated channels | open/close to regulate ion/water‑soluble molecule passage |
| what are gated channel integral proteins useful for? | muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission |
| rafts | areas marking location of anchoring/integral/peripheral proteins |
| glycocalyx | carbohydrate molecules for lubrication, anchoring, binding receptors, recognition |
| the cytoplasm contains | cytosol, organelles, inclusions |
| cytoskeleton | internal protein framework; microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments; metabolic support |
| microfilaments | smallest; actin; terminal web; determine cytosol consistency; anchor membrane |
| intermediate filaments | durable; strengthen cell; stabilize organelles; stabilize cell position |
| microtubules | largest; tubulin; extend from centrosome; shape; movement; organelle transport; build/delete microtubules |
| role of microtubules in cell division | distribute chromosomes via spindle apparatus |
| microvilli | microfilament extensions increasing surface area; connected to cytoskeleton |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center; surrounds centrioles; forms spindle/basal bodies |
| cillia | motile for movement; non‑motile for sensing environment and coordinating development/homeostasis |
| flagellum | single tail-like structure; sperm |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis; RNA + protein; small/large subunits; fixed ribosomes send proteins to ER |
| what 3 parts must meet to start ribosomal protein synthesis? | mRNA, small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunit |
| Proteasomes | digest proteins; attach ubiquitin; remove damaged/bad proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum | connected to nucleus; synthesizes proteins/lipids/carbs; stores materials; transports; detoxifies; cisternae |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | no ribosomes; synthesizes glycogen/lipids/steroids; detox; stores Ca²⁺ |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | fixed ribosomes; proteins enter cisternae; sent to Golgi via vesicles |
| golgi apparatus | receives proteins; cisternae; modifies/packages secretions; alters proteins; modifies membrane |
| lysosomes | Golgi vesicles; isolate reactions; digestive enzymes; remove organelles; autolysis; destroy bacteria |
| primary vs secondary lysosomes | primary inactive; secondary active after fusing with damaged organelle |
| peroxisomes | made from existing peroxisomes; enzymes from free ribosomes; break down fatty acids; generate/break down H₂O₂ |
| mitochondria | make ATP; double membrane; cristae; own DNA/ribosomes; Krebs cycle; respiration |
| membrane flow | all organelles except mitochondria connected in system |
| nuclear envelope | surrounds nucleus; double membrane; perinuclear space; sometimes connected to RER |
| nuclear pore complex/nuclear pores | communication between cytoplasm and nucleus; ~50 proteins per pore |
| nucleoplasm | fluid inside nucleus; ions, enzymes, RNA/DNA nucleotides, small RNA/DNA |
| nuclear matrix | filament network for support; regulates genetic activity |
| nucleolus/nucleoli | make rRNA; assemble ribosomal subunits; contain RNA, enzymes, histones |
| nucleosome | DNA wrapped around histones |
| gene | functional unit of heredity |
| protein synthesis | transcription + translation |
| mRNA | carries protein instructions out of nucleus |
| what organelle allows tRNA to covalently bond during translation? | ribosomes |
| active processes require the cell to use what? | energy—usually ATP |
| diffusion | movement high→low; eliminates gradients |
| osmosis | water diffusion across selectively permeable membrane toward higher solute |
| osmosis in relation to membranes | requires membrane permeable to water but not solutes |
| tonos | tension |
| tonicity | effects of osmotic solutions on cells |
| carrier mediated transport | integral proteins carry ions/organic molecules; symports/antiports |
| facilitated diffusion | carrier-mediated; no ATP; no open channel; moves large lipid‑insoluble molecules |
| active transport | uses ATP; moves ions regardless of gradient; ion pumps; exchange pumps |
| primary active transport | Na⁺/K⁺ pump; ATPase; 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in |
| secondary active transport | no ATP; one substance moves by gradient, another moves regardless of gradient |
| vesicular transport | vesicles for bulk transport; endocytosis/exocytosis |
| endocytosis | import via vesicles; receptor‑mediated, pinocytosis, phagocytosis |
| receptor-mediated cytosis | selective; ligands bind receptors; clathrin pits; vesicles form |
| pinocytosis | fluid uptake; not selective; no receptors |
| phagocytosis | pseudopodia surround object; phagosome; fuse with lysosome; digest; specialized cells only |
| exocytosis | vesicle fuses with membrane; releases contents |
| transcytosis | endocytosis on one side, exocytosis on other; fluid transfer |
| what kind of charge does cytoplasm-facing membrane have? | slight negative |
| what kind of charge does extracellular-facing membrane have? | slight positive (Na⁺) |
| apoptosis | genetically controlled cell death |
| apo | separated from |
| ptosis | a falling |
| interphase | G0→G1→S→G2; DNA replicates |
| M phase | cytokinesis + mitosis |
| mitosis | P‑M‑A‑T; duplicate chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division; late anaphase→telophase |
| stem cells | unspecialized; produce daughter cells |
| prophase | chromatids form; envelope/nucleoli disappear |
| metaphase | chromatids line up at center |
| anaphase | chromatids separate |
| telophase | envelope/nucleoli reappear |
| growth factor | external chemical promoting division |
| mutagens | DNA‑altering agents |
| metastasis | spread of cancer |
| meta | after |
| stasis | standing still |
| tumor is also known as | primary metastasis |
| oncogene | mutated regulatory gene causing cancer |
| anaplasia | irreversible abnormal cell size/shape |
| dysplasia | reversible abnormal cell size/shape |
| hyperplasia | increase in cell number |
| hypertrophy | increase in cell size |
| desmos | ligament |
| krino | to separate |
| genesis | production |
| angeion | vessel |
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