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anatomy CH2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the use of oxygen in the human body (2) | component of water and other compounds |
| what is the use of carbon in the human body (1) | found in all organic molecules |
| what is the use of hydrogen in the human body (2) | component of water and most other compounds in the body |
| what is the use of nitrogen in the human body (3) | found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds |
| what is the use of phosphorus in the human body (3) | found in bones and teeth, nucleic acids, and high‑energy compounds |
| what is the use of calcium in the human body (5) | found in bones/teeth; membrane function; nerve impulses; muscle contraction; blood clotting |
| what is the use of potassium in the human body (3) | membrane function; nerve impulses; muscle contraction |
| what is the use of sodium in the human body (4) | blood volume; membrane function; nerve impulses; muscle contraction |
| what is the use of chlorine in the human body (3) | blood volume; membrane function; water absorption |
| what is the use of magnesium in the human body (1) | cofactor for many enzymes |
| what is the use of sulfur in the human body (1) | found in many proteins |
| what is the use of iron in the human body (2) | oxygen transport; energy capture |
| what is the use of iodine in the human body (1) | component of thyroid hormones |
| properties of free radicals (3) | no bonds; highly reactive; enter destructive reactions |
| nitric oxide is... (5) | a good free radical; nervous system communication; controls vessel diameter; blood clotting; defense against pathogens |
| hydrolysis | AB + H₂O → AH + BOH |
| dehydration | AH + BOH → H₂O + AB |
| adding two monomers together requires what type of reaction? | dehydration synthesis |
| properties of monosaccharides (4) | glucose/fructose; energy sources; made in body or obtained from food; distributed in fluids |
| properties of disaccharides (3) | sucrose/lactose/maltose; energy sources; must be hydrolyzed before absorption |
| properties of polysaccharides (4) | glycogen; store glucose; glycogen in animals; starch/cellulose in plants |
| What elements make up lipids? | C, H, and less O |
| How does the energy content of lipids compare with carbohydrates? | lipids have more energy |
| What type of bonds do unsaturated lipids have? | C=C bonds |
| What is an example of a fatty acid? | lauric acid |
| What is one function of fatty acids? | energy source |
| Where do fatty acids come from? | absorbed from food or synthesized |
| How are fatty acids transported? | in the blood |
| What are eicosanoids? | local chemical messengers |
| What are two examples of eicosanoids? | prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
| Where are prostaglandins produced? | most body tissues |
| What is one function of glycerides? | energy source |
| How do glycerides help protect the body? | insulation and physical protection |
| Where are glycerides stored? | fat deposits |
| What must happen before stored glycerides can be used? | broken down to fatty acids and glycerol |
| What process breaks down glycerides? | hydrolysis and lipases |
| What is an example of a steroid? | cholesterol |
| What is one function of cholesterol? | structural component of plasma membranes |
| What digestive secretion contains cholesterol? | bile |
| What common framework do steroids have? | 4‑C framework |
| What is an example of a phospholipid? | lecithin |
| What is a function of phospholipids? | structural components of plasma membranes |
| What are phospholipids derived from? | fatty acids + non‑lipid components |
| What is the central structure of an amino acid? | central carbon |
| What group is attached to the central carbon? | amino group |
| What acidic group is attached? | carboxyl group |
| What do peptide bonds connect? | OH and H from amino/carboxyl groups |
| What is produced when a peptide bond forms? | C‑N and H₂O |
| How does water help with cooling? | evaporation |
| What role does water play in reactions? | medium and reactant |
| What ions/particles make up acids, bases, salts? | H⁺, OH⁻, anions, cations |
| Where do acids/bases/salts come from? | diet or metabolism |
| Functions of acids/bases/salts? | structural compounds; buffers; ion sources |
| What elements make up dissolved gases? | O, C, N, others |
| Where do dissolved gases come from? | atmosphere and metabolism |
| What is the function of NO? | chemical messenger in cardiovascular, nervous, lymphatic systems |
| How many nucleotides in RNA? | <100 to ~50,000 |
| How many nucleotides in DNA? | >45 million |
| What determines RNA shape? | hydrogen bonding |
| Three main types of RNA | mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
| Function of RNA | protein synthesis |
| Function of DNA | stores genetic info |
| What are carbohydrates made of? | C, H, O (sometimes N); CHO 1:2:1 |
| Monomers of carbohydrates | monosaccharides |
| Where do carbohydrates come from? | diet or manufactured |
| Function of carbohydrates | energy source |
| Structural role of carbohydrates | when attached to lipids/proteins |
| What elements make up lipids? | C, H, O (sometimes N or P) |
| Monomers of lipids | fatty acids and glycerol |
| Where do lipids come from? | diet or manufactured |
| Functions of lipids | energy; insulation; structure; messengers; protection |
| What elements make up proteins? | C, H, O, N, S |
| Monomers of proteins | amino acids |
| How many common amino acids? | 20 |
| How are amino acids obtained? | half made in body; half from diet |
| Functions of proteins | catalysts; structure; movement; buffers; defense; control; coordination |
| What elements make up nucleic acids? | C, H, O, N, P |
| Monomers of nucleic acids | nucleotides |
| Where do nucleic acids come from? | diet or manufactured |
| Function of nucleic acids | store/process genetic info |
| What are high‑energy compounds made of? | nucleotides + phosphates |
| Where are high‑energy compounds made? | all cells |
| Function of high‑energy compounds | energy storage/transfer |
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