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BIO 2012 Exam 1
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Theory vs. Hypothesis & Law | A scientific theory is a explanation backed up by vast amounts of known data, observations, experimentation, laws, and principles. It makes accurate predictions but can never be fully proven because it remains open to revision if new evidence arises |
| Evolution | Descent with modification; the transformation of species through time |
| Natural Selection | The process in which individuals possessing particular heritable traits tend to leave more offspring than individuals with alternate forms of those traits |
| Goal-Directedness & Progress | Misconception stating that evolution moves toward a predetermined goal, generates traits because organisms "need" them, or leads to hierarchical "progress" or "perfection" |
| Individual Adaptation & Lifespan | Misconception stating that individual organisms adapt or evolve during their own lifespans |
| Group Benefit / Good of the Species | Misconception claiming traits evolve primarily to benefit another species or to maintain a "balance of nature" for the species as a whole |
| Genotype vs. Phenotype vs. Allele | Genotype: The specific set of genes possessed by an organism Phenotype: The physical form, structural, or functional expression of the genotype Allele: A variant form of a gene |
| Phenotypic Plasticity | The capacity of a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to distinct environmental conditions |
| Maternal Effects | Non-heritable phenotypic variation occurring when the genotype or phenotype of the mother directly impacts the phenotype of her offspring |
| Epigenetic Variation | Variations in gene expression caused by secondary modifications to DNA (such as DNA methylation or chromatin structure changes) without altering the underlying nucleotide sequence |
| Adaptation as a Process | The mechanism where exposure to environmental forces acts on natural genetic variation through selection, leading to increased fit |
| Adaptation as a Character | A specific phenotypic feature that enhances survival or reproduction relative to alternate character states in a given environment |
| Testing for Adaptation | Rigorous methods used to verify if a character is an adaptation, including evaluating structural complexity, establishing specific function, performing manipulated experiments, and utilizing the comparative method across phylogenies |
| Exaptation (non-adaptation) | Co-option of a trait for a new biological role distinct from the role for which it originally evolved under natural selection |
| Preadaptation (non-adaptation) | A trait that happens to serve a new function when placed in a novel setting |
| Disaptation (non-adaptation) | A trait that reduces fitness relative to contrasting conditions in a population's evolutionary history |
| Non-Adaptations — Physical, Chemical, & Phylogenetic Constraints | Trait features that exist purely as unavoidable consequences of physics/chemistry, genetic drift, phylogenetic history, or side effects of selection on linked traits |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): Definitions | The lateral transfer of genetic material between distinct species or unrelated individuals, rather than vertical transmission from parent to offspring |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer: Mechanisms | Transformation: Direct uptake of foreign DNA from the environment Transduction: Virus/bacteriophage-mediated DNA transfer Conjugation: Plasmid transfer via direct cell-to-cell contact Eukaryotic HGT: Sperm gene transfer or endosymbiotic gene transfer |
| Three Forms of Gene Mixing |
Created by:
bbrdd