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Pysch test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the nature vs. nurture debate? | The debate on whether human behavior is shaped by biology and genetics or life experiences. |
| What is a psychiatrist? | A medical doctor with training in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
| What is the psychodynamic perspective? | It is the unconscious mind and the early childhood experiences. |
| What is the behavioral perspective? | It is the learned behaviors, conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. |
| What is the cognitive perspective? | It is the mental processes, memory, thinking, problem-solving. Also perception and language. |
| What is the humanistic perspective? | It is motivation, self actualization, and personal growth. |
| What is the biological perspective? | It is the physical and biological bases of behavior, brain structure, neurotransmitters, and genetics. (focuses on brain) |
| What is the sociocultural perspective? | It is how culture has influenced human behavior. It is cultural norms, values, and beliefs. |
| What is the evolutionary perspective? | It is how the theory of evolution can explain psychological processes. It is natural selection and survival of the fittest. |
| What is eclectic? | It says that not one approach explains behavior and says multiple approaches can. |
| What is biopsychosocial? | The combination of the biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. |
| What is the Institutional Review Board? | A committee that reviews and approves research involving human participants to ensure their rights are protected. |
| What is informed consent / assent? ( What is the difference?) | It is when you agree to do something and have the right to withdraw from it. ( Informed consent is for adults, while informed assent is for minors) |
| What is right to withdraw? | You are given the right to leave a study at any without facing penalties. |
| What is protect from harm? | It is when they try to avoid / minimize the amount of harm done on subjects. |
| What is confidentiality and anonymous? | Confidentiality means the researcher knows but keeps it a secret, anonymous means that no one knows. |
| What is debriefing? | Participants must be informed of the study's results and purpose afterward, especially if deception was used. |
| What is correlational research design? | Identifies and measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. |
| What is case study research design? | It is an in depth analysis of an individual or small group. |
| What is meta-analysis research design? | Combines and analyses the results of multiple existing studies on a single topic. |
| What is naturalistic observation research design? | Observes subjects in their natural environment with no interference. |
| What is hindsight bias? | The tendency to believe, after an event, that the outcome was predictable all along. |
| What is confirmation bias? | The tendency to gather and process information that fits your belief. You ignore evidence against your belief. |
| What is overconfidence bias? | The tendency to have excessive confidence in your knowledge, abilities, or accuracy. |
| What is a hypothesis? | The predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about variables. |
| What is falsifiability? | The idea that a hypothesis must be able to be proven worng by an experiment. |
| What are operational definitions? | A measurable description of an abstract concept so it can be observed and tested in a study. Tells us what is being measured and how it is being measured. |
| What is qualitative data? | Non numerical information or data that describes the differences or quality of behavior. |
| What are structured interviews? | An interview where the participants are asked the same set of predetermined questions in the same order. |
| What is self report bias? | When people give inaccurate answers about thoughts instead of being direct. |
| What is social desirability bias? | When people present themselves in a socially acceptable way instead of revealing their truth thoughts. |
| What is quantitative data? | Numerical information that can be quantified and analyzed using statistical methods. |
| What is the likert scale? | A survey tool that measures how strongly people agree or disagree with a statement. |
| What is effect size? | It measures the strength or magnitude of a relationship between two variables. |
| What is the independent variable? | The variable that is manipulated by the researcher. |
| What is the dependent variable? | The variable that is measured by the researcher. |
| What is a confounding variable? | An outside factor that affects both variables and creates false impressions of a relationship. |
| What is a control variable? | Conditions that stay the same throughout an experiment. |
| What is an experimental group? | Subjects in an experimental study who receive the treatment being investigated. |
| What is a control group? | Subjects in an experimental study who do not receive the treatment being investigated. |
| What is a subject? | A person that is experimented with during a study. |
| What is an experimenter? | A person who performs tests and research in experiments. |
| What is a confederate? | An actor working secretly with the researchers and pretends to be a normal subject, |
| What is random assignment? | They are groups chosen by random from the sample. They reduce confounding variables. |
| What is a population and sample? | An entire group of animals or people in a category, A sample is a smaller group of participants selected from a larger population to be a part of a study. |
| What is random sampling? | Taking a random survey from the population. |
| What is convenience sampling? | A group of easily accessible people chosen for a study, rather than being randomly selected from the population. |
| What is sampling bias? | Occurs when a sample does not accurately represent the population being studied. |
| What is generalization? | It is the sample being applied to the population. |
| What is a placebo? | Inactive substance or treatment that is indistinguishable form the real, active substance or treatment under investigation in an experiment. |
| What is the placebo effect? | Changes in participants' behavior caused by their expectations that a drug will have some effect. |
| What is a single blind study? | The subjects don't know what group they are in. |
| What is a double blind study? | The researcher and participantes don't know which people are in which groups. |
| What is experimenter bias? | When a researcher's personal expectations unconsciously influence how they conduct an experiment. |
| What are third variables? | An unmeasured factor that influences both variables in an experiment, making false outcomes. |
| What is directionality problem? | When two variables are linked, but researchers cannot tell which variable causes the other. |
| What is a negative distribution? | A data set where most scores cluster at the higher end, but there are a few lower values. |
| What is a positive distribution? | A data set where most scores cluster at the lower end while a small number of high scores stretch to the right. |
| What are the measures of central tendency? | Summary statistics that depict an overall central trend of a set of data. |
| What is the mean? | The average number of a data set. |
| What is the medium? | The middle number of a data set. |
| What is the mode? | The most frequently occurring number in a data set. (There can be two) |
| What is the range? | The highest score in a data set minus the lowest score. |
| What is a normal bell curve? | When the mean, medium, and mode are all the same. It has the data spread out around an average. |
| What is skewed distribution? | When a set of data has scores that cluster on one side of a graph and stretch into a tail on the opposite side. |
| What is standard deviation? | The average distance from the mean for a set of scores; tells how widely spread scores are from one another. |
| What is percentile rank? | A measure that indicates the percentage of scores that are equal to or below a certain value. |
| What is the difference between a bar graph and histogram? | A bar graph has space between the bars while a histogram has no space between the bars. |
| What is a z-score? | A measurement that tells you how many standard deviations a data point is above or below the mean. (-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3) |
| What is bimodal mean? | It means that a set of data has two modes. |
| What is regression toward the mean? | The tendency for extreme scores to be followed by measurements that are closer to the average. |
| What is frequency distribution? | A table that divides an entire ranges of scores into a series of classes and then records the number of scores that fall into each class. |
| What is a pie chart? | Circular graph that is divided into slices to show parts of a whole. |
| What is a frequency polygon? | A line graph used to display and compare frequency distributions of data. |
| What is a line graph? | A visual chart that uses data points connected by straight lines to show changes. |
| What is statistical significance? | The degree to which an event (such as the results of an experiment) is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. |
| What is correlation coefficient? | A statistical index ranging from -1 to +1 that indicated the direction and strength of a correlation. |
| What is peer review of scientific research? | Experts evaluate and critique a research study before it's published which helps with errors and bias. |
| What is replication of scientific research? | Repeating research to check if the original findings are realizable and not due to chance. |
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