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Science 403

QuestionAnswer
Hicks argues that scientific debates are often narrow, and only represent the views of technical experts. The broader social context in which the issue is situated is often ignored. Debates often become polarized.
Why study controversies? Increasing occurrence, politicization of science, scientization of policy (and society), pace of scientific, technological, environmental, and social change
Conventional View-science is a systematic method and a collection of facts, formulas, and theories. Good science is objective
Conventional view-good science is objective Observer-independent reality. Science is separate from personal and social contexts. Technology is applied science. Science and technology ensure human progress.
Alternative view: science is social All knowledge is situated in social contexts. Science actively constructs ideas about and relations to the natural world. Science and technology are intertwined.
All knowledge is situated in social contexts many approaches, theory-laden, value-laden
Alternative view: science is social, part 2 The products and processes of science can have unintended consequences, producing both benefits and problems for society
Social contract means an unwritten agreement about how procedures and practices will be conducted. It informs what we think of as acceptable practices and behaviour
For most of the 20th century universities, government research establishments and industrial laboratories operated independently from public scrutiny. Quality of scientific work evaluated internally by scientific/ expert peer communities
For most of the 20th century, who produced knowledge? Scientists produced knowledge. Citizens expected to give up their rights and responsibilities to professionals in exchange for the benefits science and technology provide.
Manhattan project and development of atomic bomb 1942-1945. Goal was to end WWII. Harnessed fission for military purposes. International project. Robert Oppenheimer tested the bomb. August 6, 1945 dropped little boy on Hiroshema and fat man dropped on Nagasaki
1960-1970 Period of social ferment and questioning of authority. Rise of new social movements: environmental, peace, feminist, civil rights, anti-nuclear
Big science Large scale projects that require significant investment from state governments. Homan genome project and particle accelerators are examples.
1970 and beyond, Orientation of research towards profit value of science increasingly measured by profitability to national economy, corporate competitiveness, military preparedness. Innovation, technology-focused research is given more emphasis. Science replaced by technology?
Greater role for civil society Reorient research agendas, question the direction that dominant research is taking, create new knowledge and new practices
Implications of new social contract scientists and engineers engage with social issues (ethics, politics). Citizens learn to deal with science, technology, evidence, and uncertainty
Disagreements are inherent to science and democracy
Created by: user-1996284
 

 



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