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Bio Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recall the age of the Earth and how vastly different this age is compared to the presence of humans on Earth. | a. Earth has existed for 4.56 billion years, while modern humans have only been around for around 200,000 years. Compared to earth history, humans are a very recent species. b. Just 0.00004386% of Earth’s history has included modern humans. |
| Detail methods used by scientists to understand Earth’s history and how life has changed over time. | Radiometric dating:, Annual Rock Clocks: , Stratigraphy: |
| Radiometric dating: | calculating age of geologic materials by measuring nuclear decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. |
| Annual Rock Clocks: | Rocks and ice form annual layers - Changes include erosion, continental drift, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc |
| Stratigraphy: | study of rock strata to obtain relative age (older rocks are deeper than younger rocks) |
| Construct a timeline of life on Earth that includes the origins of life and other important events and transitions throughout Earth history 1 | 1. 4.56 BYA Earth’s age 2. 3.80 BYA First single-celled life 3. 3.40 BYA Photosynthesis 4. 3.40 BYA Life produces O2 5. 2.30 BYA O2 Rich atmosphere |
| Construct a timeline of life on Earth that includes the origins of life and other important events and transitions throughout Earth history 2 | 6. 0.8 BYA Multicellular life begins 7. 0.60 BYA Ozone layer forms 8. 0.53 BYA Origin of fish 9. 0.480 BYA Origin of insects12.0.360 BYA Origin of trees 10.0.470 BYA Origin of land plants 11.0.37 BYA Origin of amphibians |
| Construct a timeline of life on Earth that includes the origins of life and other important events and transitions throughout Earth history 3 | 12.0.360 BYA Origin of trees 13.0.225 BYA Origin of mammals 14.0.176 BYA Origin of stegosaurus 15.0.068 BYA Origin of t-rex 16.0.050 BYA Origin of whales 17.0.015 BYA Origin of apes 18.0.0002 BYA Origin of humans |
| Eons in order | 1. Hadean 5540- 4000 mya 2. Archean 4000-2500 mya 3. Proterozoic 2500-541 mya 4. Phanerozoic 541- current (Paleozoic 542 mya-251 mya, Mesozoic 251 mya-65.5 mya, and Cenozoic 65.5 mya-present) |
| Understand how Earth systems (abiotic factors such as temperature and gas concentrations) and life (biotic factors) are coupled. 1 | Think about how one thing effects the other - In the hadean eon, when the temperature and gas was at dangerous levels (like volcano eruptions all the time), life could not form – this eon was the only one without fossils (aka no evidence of life) |
| Understand how Earth systems (abiotic factors such as temperature and gas concentrations) and life (biotic factors) are coupled. 2 | - Atmosphere builds with oxygen (2.3 bya) --> from here it’s a snowball effect in the rise of biotic life. - Oxygen in the atmosphere allowed for multicellular life. Things started to form way quicker compared to life before oxygen. |
| 6. Demonstrate basic understanding of graphs and plotting of Earth data through time. | - X- axis= time →BYA, MYA - Y- axis= The Earth Measurement → Temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sea level, population |
| Increasing trends: | the value goes up over time |
| Decreasing trends: | the value goes down over time |
| Stable periods: | little to no change |
| Rapid changes: | steep slope |
| Slow changes: | gradual slope |
| -Evolution: | the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. |
| Natural selection: | the more prolific reproduction of individuals with favorable traits that survive environmental change because of those traits. |
| Adaptation: | A heritable structure, functional process, or behavioral trait that improves an organism's chances of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment. |
| Variation: | The structural, functional, or physiological differences between individual organisms of the same species. |
| Population: | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time. |
| Describe how scientists developed the theory of evolution. Darwin | Through Darwins observations on his 5-year voyage especially while he was on the Galapagos islands, he observed evolutionary differences between the different finches from island to island |
| Describe how scientists developed the theory of evolution. Kettlewell | Through survival of the fittest, Kettlewell found that because the black moths could live a longer lifespan without being killed than the peppered moths, the black moths reproduced more, and the peppered moths died off. |
| Heritable; | Traits must be heritable, aka they must be able to be passed down from one generation to the next. |
| Variation; | Traits must be variable, and a species must create offspring that can vary, to participate in natural selection. |
| Survival; | Traits can only be passed down if the modified organisms last long enough to reproduce in their specific environment. This does not necessarily mean the trait has to be favorable, but favorable traits do tend to help with survival. |
| Wrong: Evolution is just a theory – some people interpret the word “theory” by it’s other definition of being a guess. | Right: it’s scientifically proven |
| Wrong: individuals evolve | Right: whole species, through genetics, change |
| Wrong: evolution explains the origins of life. | Right: The theory explains how life changed, not how it was originally formed |
| Wrong: organisms evolve on purpose. | Right: Evolution is not a conscious choice; it is simply a change in the population |
| Survival of the fittest does not mean physically fit. | It refers to animals or creatures staying alive because of their favorable traits |
| Selective forces/selective pressures: | environmental factors that affect the ability for a certain species with certain traits to survive and reproduce. |
| Selective pressures don't directly cause variations | genetic mutations do |
| Fittest: | ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment |
| Stabilizing Selection: | selection against both extremes The middle peak grows taller and narrower. The left and right outer edges shrink. This means the average individuals have the highest survival rate |
| Directional Selection: | One trait is favored over all other versions. The entire histogram shifts to the left or the right. Individuals with traits on one end of the spectrum survive and reproduce more. |
| Disruptive (Diversifying) Selection | selection against intermediate forms/traits The middle dips down, creating two separate peaks (bimodal distribution). This means intermediate traits become a disadvantage for survival or mating |
| 7. Describe how scientists have demonstrated evolution in real populations | Scientists studied butterflies in heavy polluted areas - They noticed that natural selection led to the survival of darker colored butterflies over lighter colored butterflies. |
| 7. Describe how scientists have demonstrated evolution in real populations | This adaptation was caused by an environmental factor which led to evolution improving survival rates and increasing population. - Scientists are studying the change and growth of animals over time to see which traits help with survival |
| Heritability: | How much of the variation in a trait is due to genetic differences that can be passed to offspring |
| High heritability | the trait can respond strongly to selection |
| Low heritability | selection has less effect on the next generation |
| Selection differential: | The difference between the average trait value of the whole population and the average trait value of the indiduals that reproduce |
| large selection differential mean | certain traits are strongly favored - Response to selection: The change in the populations average trait from one generation to the next as a result of selection |
| . More heritability + stronger selection | bigger evolutionary response |
| Traits that favor survival are more likely to | be passed down through generations. |
| Population | a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. |
| Gene pool | all the alleles present in a population |
| Allele frequency | how common an allele is in the population. |
| Genotype frequency | how common a genotype is (AA, Aa, aa). |
| Evolution (modern definition) | a change in allele frequencies over generations. |
| Selective pressure | anything in the environment that affects survival/reproduction |
| Genetic drift | random changes in allele frequencies. |
| Gene flow | movement of alleles between populations. |
| Mutation | new alleles created by DNA changes. |
| Darwin knew traits were passed on but | didn’t know how |
| Mendel showed that traits are controlled by | heritable units (genes). |
| Evolution (darwin Definition) | “descent with modification” |
| Evolution (modern defintion) | change in allele frequencies in a population over time. |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle | If no evolutionary forces act on a population, allele and genotype frequencies will stay constant from generation to generation. |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle Conditions (rarely met in nature) | • No mutation • No migration • No natural selection • Random mating • Very large population |
| Allopatric Speciation | Populations are separated by a physical barrier (mountains, rivers, distance). • No gene flow. • Most common type of speciation. |
| Sympatric Speciation | Populations live in the same area but become reproductively isolated. • Caused by: o Different food preferences o Different mating behaviors o Polyploidy (common in plants) |
Created by:
allyanneStudyUC