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History
AICP Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did the Ordinance of 1785 establish? | The rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. |
| What was built in Manhattan in 1855? | The first “model tenement.” |
| What did the Homestead Act of 1862 do? | Opened Public Domain lands to settlers for a nominal fee and five years of residence. |
| What important land-use action occurred in San Francisco in 1867? | San Francisco prohibited specific obnoxious uses in certain districts, marking the beginning of land-use zoning in the U.S. |
| What was the Dumbbell Tenement? | A multifamily housing form widely built in New York and notorious for poor light, air, and space. |
| Who built the model industrial town of Pullman, Illinois? | George Pullman. |
| Who wrote How the Other Half Lives and when was it published? | Jacob Riis, 1890. |
| What major planning movement was stimulated by the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago? | The City Beautiful Movement. |
| Who founded the Garden City movement? | Ebenezer Howard. |
| What book launched the Garden City movement? | Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), later reissued as Garden Cities of Tomorrow. |
| What was the first English Garden City? | Letchworth, constructed beginning in 1903. |
| Who developed Cleveland’s first local civic center plan in 1903? | Daniel H. Burnham. |
| What did Daniel Burnham’s 1906 Plan for San Francisco represent? | The first application of City Beautiful principles to a major American city. |
| Where was the first comprehensive city survey conducted? | Pittsburgh, 1907. |
| Where was the first official, local, permanent planning board established? | Hartford, Connecticut, in 1907. |
| When and where was the first National Conference on City Planning? | Washington, D.C., 1909. |
| Which city first used zoning to restrict future development in the U.S.? | Los Angeles, in 1909. |
| What state passed the first State Enabling Act? | Wisconsin, in 1909. |
| What was the first metropolitan regional plan in the U.S.? | Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago. |
| What was the first major American planning textbook? | Flavel Shurtleff’s Carrying Out the City Plan (1913). |
| What was the first private planning consulting firm? | Technical Advisory Corporation, created in New York City in 1913 by George B. Ford and Earnest P. Goodrich. |
| Which state first made planning mandatory for local governments? | Massachusetts, in 1913. |
| Who was the first full-time municipally employed planner? | Harland Bartholomew, hired by Newark, New Jersey, in 1914. |
| Who wrote Cities in Evolution? | Patrick Geddes, in 1915. |
| When was the National Park Service established? | 1916. |
| Which city adopted the nation’s first comprehensive zoning resolution? | New York City, in 1916. |
| Who became the first president of the American City Planning Institute? | Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., in 1917. |
| What was the first historic preservation commission in the U.S.? | The Vieux Carré Commission in New Orleans, designated in 1921. |
| What was the first bi-state functional authority? | The Port of New York Authority, established in 1921. |
| What did the U.S. Department of Commerce issue in 1924? | The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act. |
| What major planning achievement occurred in Cincinnati in 1925? | Cincinnati became the first major American city to endorse a comprehensive plan. |
| Who developed the Concentric Zone model? | Ernest Burgess. |
| What does Burgess’s Concentric Zone model describe? | Urban structure and land use organized into a series of rings. |
| What Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of comprehensive zoning? | Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926). |
| What did the U.S. Department of Commerce issue in 1928? | The Standard City Planning Enabling Act. |
| Where was the first “new town” built? | Radburn, New Jersey, in 1928. |
| What major federal initiative began in 1933? | The New Deal. |
| What was the purpose of the Home Owners Loan Corporation, established in 1933? | To help homeowners facing loss through foreclosure. |
| What major regional planning program was created in 1933? | The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). |
| Why is the Tennessee Valley Authority significant to planning history? | It was the first large-scale federal regional program integrating economic, social, and physical development planning. |
| What national planning organization was created in 1933? | The first U.S. National Planning Board. |
| What did the National Housing Act of 1934 establish? | FSLIC to insure savings deposits and FHA to insure individual home mortgages. |
| What planning organization was founded in 1934? | The American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO). |
| Who was the first president of American Society Planning Officials? | Alfred Bettman. |
| What was the Resettlement Administration? | A 1935 agency established under Rexford Tugwell to conduct experiments in land reform and population resettlement. |
| What were the first federally built U.S. new towns in peacetime? | The “greenbelt” towns, built from 1935–1937. |
| What was significant about the Housing Act of 1937? | It was the first major federal legislative commitment to public housing. |
| Who developed the Sector Theory? | Homer Hoyt. |
| When was Homer Hoyt's Sector Theory described? | 1939, in The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. |
| What did the American City Planning Institute become in 1939? | The American Institute of Planners (AIP). |
| What did the GI Bill of 1944 provide concerning housing? | It guaranteed favorable home loans to veterans. |
| What two famous suburban developments began construction in 1947? | Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York. |
| What was significant about the Housing Act of 1949? | It was the first comprehensive U.S. housing legislation and provided funding for urban redevelopment. |
| What historic-preservation organization was created and chartered by Congress in 1949? | The National Trust for Historic Preservation. |
| What did Berman v. Parker (1954) uphold? | The power to condemn properties that were unsightly but not deteriorated when necessary to achieve an established area redevelopment plan. |
| What federal program was created by the Housing Act of 1954? | Urban Renewal. |
| Who wrote The Image of the City? | Kevin Lynch, in 1960. |
| What concept did Kevin Lynch's The Image of the City examine? | How people observe cities and create mental maps. |
| What state became the first to institute statewide zoning? | Hawaii, in 1961. |
| Who wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities? | Jane Jacobs, in 1961. |
| What major new town was constructed between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore? | Columbia, Maryland. |
| Who wrote The Urban General Plan? | T.J. Kent, in 1964. |
| When was HUD created? | 1965. |
| Who was the first Secretary of HUD? | Robert Weaver. |
| What did the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 establish? | The National Register of Historic Places, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), along with Section 106 protections. |
| What federal program was launched by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966? | The Model Cities program. |
| Who wrote Design with Nature? | Ian McHarg, in 1969. |
| What did the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) require? | An environmental impact statement for federal or federally aided state or major local actions that may harm the environment. |
| When was the EPA established? | 1970. |
| When was the first major introduction of Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) according to the timeline? | Chicago, 1971. |
| What did Golden v. Planning Board of Ramapo (1972) allow? | The use of performance criteria as a means of slowing community growth. |
| What did the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 change? | It replaced categorical grants with block grants as the principal form of federal aid for local community development. |
| When was the American Planning Association (APA) created? | 1978. |
| Which two organizations merged to form the APA? | The American Institute of Planners (AIP) and American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO). |
| What did Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978) uphold? | New York City's landmark-preservation law as applied to Grand Central Terminal. |
| What did the New Jersey Supreme Court rule regarding affordable housing in 1983? | All 567 municipalities in the state had to build their “fair share” of affordable housing. |
| What principle came from Nollan v. California Coastal Commission (1987)? | Land-use restrictions must be tied directly to a specific public purpose. |
| What was significant about Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA, 1991)? | It was the first federal transportation law to mandate planning. |
| What did Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) address? | Limits on state and local governments' ability to restrict private property without compensation. |
| What principle came from Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)? | “Rough proportionality” between development impacts and the exactions imposed on the developer. |
| What does RLUIPA stand for? | Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act. |
| When was Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) adopted? | 2000. |
| What was significant about the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000? | It introduced a proactive approach to disaster relief, including coordinated state and local mitigation planning and implementation. |
| What major Supreme Court case involving eminent domain appears in the timeline for 2005? | Kelo v. City of New London. |
| Who was Saul Alinsky? | A community organizer and writer focused on improving living conditions and city services in poor communities. |
| What famous book did Saul Alinsky write? | Rules for Radicals (1971). |
| Who developed the Concentric Zone Model with Robert Park? | Ernest Burgess. |
| What does the Concentric Zone Model depict? | Land uses arranged in a series of rings, including the CBD and residential zones. |
| Who is associated with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)? | Peter Calthorpe. |
| What book is associated with Peter Calthorpe's TOD concept? | The Next American Metropolis. |
| Who was the founder and first president of the Congress for New Urbanism according to the document? | Peter Calthorpe. |
| Who wrote Silent Spring? | Rachel Carson, in 1962. |
| Why is Silent Spring important? | Its focus on pesticides and the environment helped launch the environmental movement. |
| Who developed Central Place Theory? | Walter Christaller. |
| What does Central Place Theory attempt to explain? | The size and distribution of cities. |
| Who is associated with Seaside, Florida, and Traditional Neighborhood Development zoning? | Andres Duany. |
| Who popularized the term “Edge City”? | Joel Garreau. |
| What book popularized “Edge City”? | Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (1991). |
| Who is known as the “Father of Regional Planning”? | Patrick Geddes. |
| What two important planning ideas are associated with Patrick Geddes? | The concept of “region” in architecture/planning and the term “conurbation.” |
| Who wrote Cities in Evolution? | Patrick Geddes. |
| Who wrote Megalopolis? | Jean Gottmann, in 1961. |
| What area did Gottmann describe as a megalopolis? | The northeastern U.S. from Boston to Washington, D.C., viewed as one metropolitan area. |
| Who founded the Garden City movement? | Ebenezer Howard. |
| What was Howard's basic Garden City idea? | People should have access to the benefits of both the city and countryside. |
| What two English Garden Cities are associated with Ebenezer Howard? | Welwyn and Letchworth. |
| Who wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities? | Jane Jacobs. |
| What planning approach is Norman Krumholz known for? | Equity planning. |
| Who developed the Radiant City vision? | Le Corbusier. |
| What characterized Le Corbusier's Radiant City? | Superblocks and separation of uses such as housing, factories, and businesses. |
| Who created the town of Pullman? | George Pullman. |
| Who developed the Multiple Nuclei Model? | Edward Ullman and Chauncy Harris, in 1945. |
| What does the Multiple Nuclei Model propose? | In addition to the CBD, cities contain smaller nodes of economic activity that act as growth points. |
| Who studied people's behavior in urban spaces through the Street Life Project? | William Whyte. |
| Who developed the Broadacre City vision? | Frank Lloyd Wright. |
| What was Broadacre City? | A low-density urban vision away from traditional urban areas, enabled by technologies such as automobiles and telephones. |
| Who was Catherine Wurster? | An affordable-housing advocate who wrote Modern Housing and later helped author the Housing Act of 1937. |
| Who is identified as the Father of urban planning? | Hippodamus. |
| What planning form is Hippodamus associated with? | The Hippodamian Plan, or grid plan. |
| What was the goal of the Sanitary Reform & Public Health Movement? | To prevent infectious diseases and epidemics during rapid urbanization. |
| When did the Sanitary Reform & Public Health Movement begin? | The mid-1800s. |
| What was the goal of the Settlement Housing Movement? | To create connectedness between the rich and poor. |
| What famous U.S. settlement house was founded by Jane Addams? | Hull House in Chicago, in 1889. |
| Who developed the Garden City concept? | Ebenezer Howard. |
| What was the proposed population of Howard's Garden City? | 32,000. |
| What were the main characteristics of a Garden City? | A self-contained community combining residential, industrial, and agricultural uses surrounded by green space. |
| What was the first Garden City? | Letchworth, England, beginning in 1903. |
| What event introduced City Beautiful principles on a large scale? | The World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. |
| Who is strongly associated with the City Beautiful Movement? | Daniel Burnham. |
| What were the goals of the City Beautiful Movement? | Beautify cities, promote social order, and encourage civic pride. |
| What movement replaced City Beautiful? | City Efficient. |
| What did the City Efficient Movement emphasize? | Technical aspects of city planning and public works rather than an architectural focus. |
| What three theories does the document identify as major city-formation theories? | Concentric Ring, Sector, and Multiple Nuclei. |
| Who is associated with the Concentric Zone/Ring Model? | Ernest Burgess. |
| Who is associated with Sector Theory? | Homer Hoyt. |
| Who is associated with the Multiple Nuclei Model? | Edward Ullman and Chauncy Harris. |
| What book introduced Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City concept? | The Disappearing City (1932). |
| How much land would each family receive in Broadacre City? | One acre. |
| What was the dominant transportation mode in Broadacre City? | The automobile. |
| What did the City Humane Movement focus on? | Jobs and housing following the Great Depression. |
| When was the City Functional Movement prominent? | The 1940s. |
| What did City Functional emphasize? | Functionalism and administrative efficiency. |
| What did Urban Renewal and the Housing Acts fund? | Public housing, slum clearance, and urban renewal programs. |
| What characterized Post-War Suburbia? | Large-scale migration from cities to suburbs, followed by jobs, retailers, and other activities. |
| What was the Great Society? | Lyndon Johnson's mid-1960s programs aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice, including programs addressing education, poverty, and transportation. |
| What are Kevin Lynch's five elements of a city's mental image? | Paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks. |
| Who is identified as a key contributor to Advocacy and Equity Planning? | Paul Davidoff. |
| What is the goal of Advocacy and Equity Planning? | To address inequities in the political system and ensure all people are represented in the planning process. |
| What movement did New Towns develop from? | The Garden City Movement. |
| What are two U.S. examples of New Towns? | Reston, Virginia, and Columbia, Maryland. |
| What does Smart Growth emphasize? | Compact, mixed-use development that prevents sprawl and encourages sustainability. |
| What is an Edge City? | A formerly residential or agricultural area that develops more businesses and jobs than residents. |
| What is an example of an Edge City? | Tysons Corner, Virginia. |
| Who coined/popularized the term “Edge City” according to the document? | Joel Garreau in 1991. |
| What is Environmental Justice? | Ensuring environmental burdens and benefits are equally distributed and all people are treated fairly. |
| When does the document date Environmental Justice to? | The 1980s. |
| What is the Back to the City Movement? | The increase, since about 2000, of upper-income people moving back into cities or core areas. |
| How does the document define sustainability in urban planning? | Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. |
| When did New Urbanism arise? | The 1980s. |
| What does New Urbanism emphasize? | Walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, and a sense of place. |
| What does the document identify as the first New Urbanist town? | Seaside, Florida, constructed in 1981. |
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