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Ecology Exam 3
EXAM 3 ANSWER KEY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| For interspecific competition to occur between two species | At least one dimension of the niche for these two species must overlap and be limiting |
| If one species uses a limiting resource more efficiently than another species and is thus a better competitor, this is called | Exploitative competition |
| If [ planted a pine tree plantation and did a linear regression of mean tree size as a function of tree density over time as the plantation naturally thinned, I would likely get a regression plot with approximately | A negative slope of 3/2 |
| No two species can continuously occupy the same niche. This is a statement of the | Competitive exclusion principle |
| Species A and B occur in deciduous forest, conifer forest and mixed forest when the other species isn't there. If both are present, Species A is found in deciduous forest and Species B is found in conifer and mixed forests. What is this an example of? | A niche shift |
| Why did Joseph Connell coin the phrase “the Ghost of Competition Past”? | All of the above |
| The term a12N2 is | The effect of Species 2 on Species 1 |
| In each equation, intraspecific competition is reflected by | The ratio of N to K |
| What would be the outcome of interspecific competition in the diagram below? | Either of Species 1 or Species 2 would persist and the other would go extinct |
| Which of the following communities would have the greater diversity? | Abundance of species 1 = 50; Abundance of species 2 = 50; Abundance of species 3 = 45 |
| Wild species interactions can be helpful to humans. For example, the dilution effect can lower human disease risk for some pathogens. In the dilution effect | Competent and incompetent host species compete and thus lower the density/abundance of the competent hosts |
| When an insect larvae spends part of its life cycle living on or in another species and eventually consumes that host, this insect would be called a | Parasitoid |
| Applying the concept of trophic cascades, what would happen to the primary consumer population if an invasive species established itself as a new top predator? | The primary consumer population would decrease |
| Based on field examples and lab studies of predator and prey, Lotka realized the importance of spatial structure in population and community interactions, and that parameters in his equations should be treated as constants to account for that structure. | True |
| In a facultative mutualism between two species | Both species benefit from the mutualism but can also survive without it |
| A keystone species is one that | Exerts a large impact on community structure, diversity, etc. even though it may not be the most abundant |
| Mycorrhizal fungi may benefit plants, but they will not impact plant energy/growth allocation patterns. | False |
| The theory of endosymbiosis suggests that | Mutualistic relationships among prokaryotes eventually evolved into the eukaryotic cell |
| A group of species that occur together but do not display strong interactions is called a | Assemblage |
| Species interactions that create community structure can include | All of the above |
| The figure above on the left (shaded bars), which describes the distribution of species abundances for a community, is called the | Lognormal distribution |
| Why does the actual distribution of species abundances often look like the figure above on the right? | Extremely rare species are often not counted in surveys |
| Which of the following types of food webs would be the most difficult to construct and quantify? | Functional web |
| Community species diversity, as commonly quantified by the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, considers | Species richness and relative abundance of species |
| Species diversity is usually higher in more complex environments. This means that | A more complex environment can be partitioned in more ways and thus promote coexistence |
| Species coexist by partitioning this space or occupying while avoiding excess niche overlap. If one were to homogenize an important niche dimension then species diversity should decline. Which of the following could be the reason for this? | AII of the above |
| A discrete event that disrupts ecosystem or community structure and changes resource availability is called | A disturbance |
| Variation in space of any resource within an ecosystem is called | Spatial heterogeneity |
| A paper about maintaining species diversity was made by David Tilman based on plant species growth and production in experimental field plots. Explain Tilmans experiment, then graph and explain results. Explain functional groups, thresholds and redundancy | |
| Graph and explain the concept of grazing optimization, including the compensatory mechanisms fo why it occurs. | |
| Explain and diagram the difference between arbuscular mycorrizhol fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi. In what ways do these mutualistic fungi benefit plants? | |
| Diagram and thoroughly explain the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. |
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