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Stack #4713124
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What three characteristics of life have people long observed? | Life is highly diverse; living things share many characteristics or unity of life; and organisms are well suited or adapted to their environments. |
| What question does evolutionary thinking help explain? | What causes the similarities and differences among Earth's many different species? |
| What is descent with modification? | Species share ancestry and therefore share characteristics while accumulating differences over time. |
| What two major ideas are represented by Darwin's concept of descent with modification? | Shared ancestry resulting in shared characteristics and the accumulation of differences. |
| What voyage helped lead Darwin to his theory of evolution? | The Voyage of the Beagle. |
| What did Darwin observe about South American animals? | Animals in temperate South American habitats more closely resembled animals from South American tropical habitats than animals from temperate European habitats. |
| What did Darwin observe about South American fossils? | South American fossils more closely resembled existing South American species. |
| What did Darwin observe about species on the Galapagos Islands? | They resembled species from the South American mainland but had strong adaptations to local habitats and were found nowhere else. |
| What did the different feeding types of Galapagos finches demonstrate? | Species can develop adaptations suited to different food sources and local habitats. |
| What is natural selection? | A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. |
| What is Darwin's Observation #1? | Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits. |
| What is Darwin's Observation #2? | All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce. |
| What is Darwin's Inference #1? | Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. |
| What is Darwin's Inference #2? | Unequal ability to survive and reproduce leads to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over generations. |
| What happens to individuals with advantageous inherited traits under natural selection? | They tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals. |
| What happens to favorable adaptations over time through natural selection? | They can increase in frequency within a population. |
| Can natural selection give rise to new species? | Yes; over time natural selection can contribute to the formation of new species. |
| Does natural selection always favor the same traits? | No; which traits are favored depends on the context in which a species lives and mates. |
| What three things are needed for evolution by natural selection to occur? | There must be variation in a trait within a population; the trait must be heritable; and the variation must relate to fitness. |
| Why must variation exist for natural selection to occur? | Individuals must differ in a trait for some variants to have greater survival or reproductive success than others. |
| Why must a trait be heritable for natural selection to cause evolution? | The advantageous trait must be capable of being passed from parents to offspring. |
| Why must trait variation relate to fitness for natural selection to occur? | Different versions of the trait must affect survival or reproductive success. |
| What is artificial selection? | The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans to encourage desirable traits. |
| What is the major difference between artificial selection and natural selection? | Artificial selection is driven by humans choosing desirable traits while natural selection results from differences in survival and reproduction associated with inherited traits. |
| What is an adaptation? | An inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment. |
| How is camouflage an example of an evolutionary adaptation? | Camouflage can increase survival by making an organism less visible in its environment. |
| What are the two morphs of the peppered moth discussed in the slides? | The light Biston betularia f. typica and the dark Biston betularia f. carbonaria. |
| What happened to the dark peppered moth morph after the Industrial Revolution? | It increased from being rare to making up as much as 98% of the population. |
| Why are peppered moths an example of evolutionary change? | Changes in environmental conditions affected camouflage and were associated with changes in the frequency of the light and dark moth morphs. |
| What is one major type of evidence for evolution? | Direct observations of evolutionary change. |
| What examples of directly observed evolutionary change are given in the slides? | Soapberry bug responses to species introduction and the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria. |
| How can drug-resistant bacteria provide evidence for evolution? | Changes in bacterial populations can produce increased drug resistance over time. |
| How did the introduction of a new plant species affect the environment of soapberry bugs? | The introduced plant had seeds located closer to the surface. |
| What trait of soapberry bugs was examined after the introduction of a new plant species? | Beak length. |
| What does the soapberry bug example demonstrate? | Populations can undergo evolutionary changes in traits in response to changes in their environment. |
| What is homology? | Similarity resulting from common ancestry. |
| What are homologous structures? | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry; they may or may not have similar functions. |
| Why are homologous structures evidence for evolution? | Similar underlying structures in different species are more likely to have been inherited from a common ancestor than to have evolved independently. |
| What animals are used in the slides to demonstrate homologous forelimbs? | Humans cats whales and bats. |
| What do the forelimbs of humans cats whales and bats suggest? | Their similar underlying bone structures were derived from a common ancestor. |
| Can homologous structures have different functions? | Yes; homologous structures can have different functions while retaining similarities inherited from a common ancestor. |
| How do embryos provide evidence of homology? | Similar developmental structures in different species can indicate inheritance from a common ancestor. |
| What embryonic structure is compared in lancelets chickens and humans? | Pharyngeal arches. |
| Why are pharyngeal arches in lancelets chickens and humans evidence of evolution? | Their similarities suggest they were inherited from a common ancestor. |
| What is a vestigial structure? | A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestor. |
| How do vestigial structures provide evidence for evolution? | They indicate that modern organisms inherited modified remnants of structures that were functional in their ancestors. |
| What vestigial structure in snakes is shown in the slides? | Reduced hind legs. |
| What do reduced hind legs in snakes suggest? | Snakes are more likely derived from ancestors with legs than to have independently started evolving legs. |
| Are species that look similar always closely related? | No; more distantly related species can independently evolve similar appearances. |
| What is convergent evolution? | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. |
| What does analogous mean? | Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution rather than homology. |
| What causes analogous characteristics? | Convergent evolution. |
| Do analogous characteristics indicate common ancestry for that characteristic? | No; they result from convergent evolution rather than homology. |
| What examples are used to demonstrate convergent evolution in the slides? | Sugar gliders flying squirrels and colugos. |
| What is the key difference between homologous and analogous characteristics? | Homologous characteristics are similar because of common ancestry while analogous characteristics are similar because of convergent evolution. |
| What are fossils? | Remains or traces of organisms from the past. |
| Why is the fossil record incomplete? | Many organisms decay or dissolve before fossilization can occur. |
| How do fossils provide evidence for evolutionary change? | Fossils show changes in species over time and related features between groups of species that may appear unrelated. |
| What can similarities in fossils from different groups indicate? | They can indicate evolutionary relationships and common ancestry between groups. |
| What evolutionary transition is illustrated by the cetacean fossil diagram? | The evolutionary history of cetaceans from ancestors with pelvis and hind limb bones toward living cetaceans. |
| What structures shown in early cetacean fossils support their evolutionary relationship with other mammals? | Pelvis and hind limb bones. |
| What is biogeography? | The study of the geographic distribution of species. |
| How does biogeography provide evidence for evolutionary change? | The geographic distributions of organisms and fossils can reflect shared evolutionary history and changes in Earth's geography. |
| What is Pangaea? | The supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic era when plate movements brought all of the continents together. |
| How can Pangaea help explain the geographic distribution of organisms and fossils? | Continents that are now separated were once connected allowing related organisms to occur across areas that later moved apart. |
| What four broad categories of evidence for evolution are emphasized in these slides? | Direct observations of evolutionary change; homology; fossils; and biogeography. |
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