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env test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| As energy moves through an ecosystem much of the available energy is lost as what? | Heat |
| What are producers (autotrophs)? | Organisms that make their own food using sunlight or chemical energy. |
| What is the photosynthesis equation? | 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What is cellular respiration? | The process that releases energy from glucose. |
| What is the cellular respiration equation? | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy) |
| Do plants respire? | Yes |
| When do plants respire? | Day and night |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Respiration that uses oxygen. |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Respiration without oxygen. |
| How does photosynthesis affect energy flow? | It captures solar energy and stores it as chemical energy. |
| How does respiration affect energy flow? | It releases stored energy for use by organisms. |
| What is primary productivity? | The rate at which producers convert solar energy into organic compounds. |
| What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)? | The total amount of solar energy captured by producers. |
| What is Net Primary Productivity (NPP)? | The amount of energy remaining after respiration. |
| What is biomass? | The total mass of living matter in an ecosystem. |
| What is standing crop? | The amount of biomass present at a specific time. |
| What is the formula for NPP? | NPP = GPP - R |
| What is the formula for GPP? | GPP = NPP + R |
| What is the formula for Respiration (R)? | R = GPP - NPP |
| If GPP is 21000 and NPP is 8500 what is R? | 12500 kcal/m2/year |
| Which terrestrial biome has the highest productivity? | Tropical rainforest |
| Which terrestrial biome has the lowest productivity? | Desert |
| Which aquatic ecosystems have the highest productivity? | Estuaries swamps marshes and coral reefs |
| Which aquatic ecosystem has the lowest productivity? | Open ocean |
| Why is primary productivity inefficient? | Not all sunlight is captured and much energy is lost through respiration. |
| What abiotic factors influence NPP? | Sunlight temperature water nutrients and growing season length. |
| Which ecosystems show the greatest seasonal variation in NPP? | Temperate forests and grasslands |
| Why do respiration rates differ among ecosystems? | Differences in temperature moisture biomass and organism activity. |
| What are consumers (heterotrophs)? | Organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms. |
| What is a herbivore (primary consumer)? | An organism that eats producers. |
| What is a carnivore? | An organism that eats animals. |
| What is a secondary consumer? | A consumer that eats primary consumers. |
| What is a tertiary consumer? | A consumer that eats secondary consumers. |
| What are trophic levels? | Feeding positions within an ecosystem. |
| What is a food chain? | A linear sequence of energy transfer. |
| What is a scavenger? | An organism that feeds on dead animals. |
| What is a detritivore? | An organism that consumes dead organic matter. |
| What are decomposers? | Organisms that break down dead material and recycle nutrients. |
| Where does most energy go as it moves through trophic levels? | It is lost as heat through respiration. |
| Why are there fewer lions than zebras and fewer zebras than grass? | Less energy is available at each trophic level. |
| What organisms may occupy a fourth trophic level? | Apex predators such as lions hawks wolves or sharks. |
| What is ecological efficiency? | The percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels. |
| What is the 10 percent Rule? | Only about 10 percent of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. |
| Give an example of the 10 percent Rule. | 10000 kcal -> 1000 kcal -> 100 kcal -> 10 kcal |
| What is a trophic pyramid? | A diagram showing energy available at each trophic level. |
| What is one reason for ecological inefficiency? | Organisms use energy for cellular respiration. |
| What is another reason for ecological inefficiency? | Not all biomass is consumed or digested. |
| What is a food web? | A network of interconnected food chains. |
| Why are food webs more realistic than food chains? | Most organisms have multiple food sources and predators. |
| What is a feedback loop? | A process in which a system's output influences future behavior. |
| What is a negative feedback loop? | A feedback loop that stabilizes a system. |
| Give an example of a negative feedback loop. | More rabbits leads to more foxes leading to fewer rabbits. |
| What is a positive feedback loop? | A feedback loop that amplifies change. |
| Give an example of a positive feedback loop. | More warming leads to more ice melt leading to more warming. |
| Give a food chain example. | Grass -> Zebra -> Lion |
| Give another food chain example. | Grass -> Mouse -> Snake -> Hawk |
| Give a third food chain example. | Algae -> Zooplankton -> Fish -> Eagle |
| What captures energy for ecosystems? | Producers through photosynthesis. |
| What releases energy from food? | Cellular respiration. |
| Which trophic level contains producers? | The first trophic level. |
| What percentage of energy is typically transferred to the next trophic level? | 10 percent |
| Why do top predators have small populations? | Very little energy reaches higher trophic levels. |
| What recycles nutrients in ecosystems? | Decomposers. |
| Which is more accurate food chain or food web? | Food web |
| What is the most productive terrestrial biome? | Tropical rainforest |
| What is the least productive terrestrial biome? | Desert |
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