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HN CH 1-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cost | If the healthier option is more expensive than people tend to choose the cheaper option |
| Peer Pressure | Peers may influence you to buy food that isn't healthy |
| Celebrations | People tend to eat sweet treats when celebrating |
| Social Media | Many people believe a lot that is on the Internet, even if they don't know the factuality behind it |
| Habit | People have bad habits of eating unhealthy foods |
| Carbohydrate | 4 kcal/g, main energy source, organic, macronutrient, 45-65%, CHO, grain-fruit-veggies |
| Protein | 4 kcal/g, CHO and N, amino acids, builds muscle, organic, macronutrient, 10-35% |
| Lipids(fats+oils) | 9 kcal/g, solid is fat, liquid in room temp is oil, need to reduce saturated and trans fat, organic, macronutrient, 20-35%, butter-animal fat |
| Vitamins | Fat soluble, water, soluble, organic, micronutrient, 13 vitamins, B12-D-K |
| Minerals | Inorganic, micronutrient, in the same form when presented, iron-zinc-copper |
| Water | Inorganic, need to survive, 2/3 of body |
| Estimated average requirements EAR | How much is needed in diet, 50% of population meets needs of |
| Recommended dietary allowance RDA | Amount recommended to everyone, 98% of population requirement is met, RDA=EAR+2SD, goal for intake |
| Adequate Intake AI | Nutrients without EAR, average amount, healthy people consume, goal for nutrients |
| Upper limit UL | Above the UL is toxic, monitor supplement and food intake |
| Estimated energy intake EER | Average diet energy intake, maintain enough energy, no UL |
| Energy calculation | Carbo- 4kcal/g=17kj/g Fat- 9kcal/g=37kj/g Protein- 4kcal/g=17kj/g Alc- 7kcal/g=29kj/g (not nutrient) 1kcal=4.18=4.2 kj |
| % Daily Value | (amt of nutrient you consumed/daily value)x100 |
| Reliable health claims on food labels | health- heart disease, cholesterol, reg by fda structure- improve immune func, not reg by fda nutrient- low in sodium, cal free, reduce fat |
| Adequacy | Provide enough calories(energy) and nutrients to support health |
| Balance | Provide the right portion of foods |
| K calorie (energy) control | Balance, the amount of foods and energy to sustain physical activity in metabolic needs |
| Nutrient density | Variety and amount of nutrients in relation to calorie content |
| Moderation | Provide enough, but not too much of a food or nutrient |
| Variety | Eat a wide selection of foods within and among the major food group groups |
| Heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux) | C- eat or drink too much, tight clothing, changing positions when laying down, meds, smoking, high fat meal, weight gain S- chest pain, taste acid T- eat smaller meals, chew food thoroughly, eat slow, avoid certain foods, acid controllers |
| Ulcer | C- lining left unprotected and exposed to gastric juices, bacterial infection, anti inflammatory drugs, excessive gastric acid secretions S- internal bleeding, iron deficiency T- eliminate foods that cause pain, don't smoke, meds |
| Constipation | C- not pooping when need to, meds problem S- straining, hard stools, infrequent bowel movement, passing of gas, backache T- increase fiber, increase fluids, increase exercise, stool softener, laxatives, mineral oil |
| Mouth | chews food and mixes with saliva Digestion- saliva breaks down carbohydrates, salivary emylase, lingual lipase |
| Pharynx | moves food from mouth to esophagus epiglottis closes so food don't come up chew and swallow food is called bolus |
| Esophagus | passes food from mouth to stomach, upper sphincter opens, food goes through, goes through hole in diaphragm, lower sphincter closes |
| Stomach | retains bolus in upper portion, transfers to lower portion, adds juices to become chyme, release chyme through pyloric sphincter to small intestine Digestion- acid and enzymes breakdown food, protein digestion, gastrin lipase |
| Small Intestine | chyme bypasses bile duct, chyme travels through duodenum-jejunum-and ileum Digestion- breaks down nutrients Absorption- nutrients moved to blood or lymph protease, tryglyceride, amylase, sucrase-lactase-multase, amino peptide, monosaccharide, lipase |
| Large Intestine | arrive at ileocecal valve, pass appendix opening, all way to back of body above rectum Absorption- absorbs water and electrolytes Elimination- forms and moves feces towards rectum |
| Rectum | muscles hold waste back until ready to leave Elimination- stores feces until they are ready to leave the body |
| Anus | 2 sphincters of anus open and feces leaves body Elimination- allow feces to leave body |
| Liver | produce bile- help breakdown fats |
| Gallbladder | stores and releases bile into small intestine, CCK releases bile from here |
| Pancreas | produces enzymes to breakdown nutrients, release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid |
| Lumen | inner space of the intestines |
| Small intestine segments | Villi- select and regulate nutrients absorbed Microvilli- enzymes and pumps Crypts- secretion of intestinal juices Goblet cells- mucus secretion |
| Gastric secretions | HCl, mucus, pepsinogen->pepsin, protease zygomen- inactive enzyme Gastrin- regulatory peptide Intrinsic factor- protein that binds with vitamin b12 prior to absorption in ileum |
| Energy Density | how many kcal/gram it delivers |
| Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges AMDR | present the amounts of carbohydrate, fat, and protein for a healthy diet as a percentage of the total energy intake |
| Enrichment/Fortification | fortification- nutrient not present in OG but was added enrichment- remove nutrients then add back |
| Function of HCl | uncoils (denatures) each protein’s tangled strands so that digestive enzymes can attack the individual peptide bonds, converts the inactive form of the enzyme pepsinogen to its active form pepsin |
| Prebiotic | enhance growth of microorganisms, food components (such as fibers) that are not digested in the human GI tract (resistant to intestinal enzymes) and that reach the colon intact, used as a food source for probiotics |
| Probiotic | life organisms, break down prebiotics in the colon, living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that support good health when consumed in sufficient quantities, pro-for bios-life |
| Digestion of Carbohydrates | saliva contains water, salts, mucus, and enzymes that initiate the digestion, pancreatic emylase that help digestion, intestinal enzymes help break down, small fragments absorbed through the cells in the small intestine wall |
| Digestion of Protein | food moistened by saliva, uncoil when mixed with gastric acid, gastric protein enzymes break them down, absorbed through the cells of the small intestine wall, amino acids |
| Digestion of Fat | Some hard melt as they reach body temp, separate from watery GI juices, emulsified by bile, fragments absorbed through cells of small intestine wall, lipase enzyme |
| Simple Diffusion | cross into intestinal cells freely, water-small lipids |
| Facilitated Diffusion | need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell membrane to the other, water soluble vitamins |
| Active Transport | move against a concentration gradient which requires energy, glucose-amino acids |
| CDRR | 2300 mg Na, increase hypertension |
Created by:
hjt30