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biochem chp 16 II
Stack #47124
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and where does it fit into glycolysis | conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG) it takes place in two steps the oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid by NAD+ and the joining of the carboxylic acid to fotm the acyl phosphate. reaction 6 |
| describe the 3 steps that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase goes through in order to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate | step 1 the aldehyde substrate reacts with the sulfhydral group on cystine 149 to form a hemithioacetal step 2 transfer of a hydride ion to NAD in step 3 an orthophosphate attacks the thioester to form 1,3BPG and free the cystine residue pg 434 |
| what is the function of phosphoglycerate kinase and where does it fit into glycolysis | catalyze the transfer of the acyl phosphoryl group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to adp to form atp. reaction 7 |
| describe the structure of 3-phosphoglycerate | 3 carbon chain acetate on carbon 1 a hydroxyl on carbon 2 and a phosphate attached to carbon 3 |
| what is the function of phosphoglycerate mutase and where does it fit into glycolysis | uses a catalytic amount of 2,3-bisphosphoglycate to causes a intermolecular shift in 3-phosphoglycerate to form 2-phosphoglycerate. reaction 8 |
| describe the structure of 2-phosphoglycerate | 3 carbon chain with an acetate in position 1 a phosphate attached to carbon 2 and a hydroxyl group on carbon 3 |
| what is the function of enolace and where does it fit into glycolysis | dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form the enol phospenolpyruvate elevating the transfer potential because an enol phosphate has a higher transfer potential than the phosphate ester. reaction 9 |
| describe the structure of phosphenolpyruvate | a negative headless cheerleader with a phosphate stuck to its butt |
| what is the function of pyruvate kinase and where does it fit in glycolysis | catalyzes the reaction that results in the donation of the phosphoryl group from phosphenylpyruvate to adp to form atp and the ketone pyruvate. reaction 10 |
| describe the structure of pyruvate | negative headless cheerleader standing on a ball with a methyl group stuck in its butt |
| which reactions are non-reversible reactions and as such serve as control points for glycolysis | 1 hexokinase, 3 phosphofructokinase, and 10 pyruvate kinase |
| how many molecules of atp are released as a result of glycolysis how many nadh and how many pyruvate | 2 of each |
| how is nad+ regenerated for use in glycolysis | durring the metabolism of pyruvate the nadh produce durring reaction 6 is converted back into nad which is derived from nacin |
| what is the function of pyruvate decarboxylase and where does it fit into glycolysis | along with the co-enzymevthiamine pyrophosphate it decarboxylates pyruvate to form acetaldehyde and co2 followed by a second step to produce ehanol. it is the first step after glycolysis in yeast toward ethanol |
| describe the structure of acetaldehyde | two carbon chain with a aldehyde on carbon 1 |
| what is the function of alcohol dehydrogenase and where does it fit into glycolysis | reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol using nadh in the process regenerating nad+ for use in glycolysis |
| how does alcohol dehydrogenase function | the active site contains a zn ion coordinated to the sulfur atoms of two cystines and the nitrogen atom of a histadine. this zn ion polarizes the carbonyl group to fravor the transfer of a h from nadh |
| what are the net results of glucose after going through fermentation | 2 atp 2 co2 2 ethanol 2 h2o |
| what is the function of lactate dehydrogenase and where does it fit into glycolysis | reduces pyruvate into lactate using nadh and in the process regenerating nad+ |
| describe the structure of lactate | 3 carbon chain acetate on carbon 1 hydroxyl group on carbon 2 nothing on carbon 3 |
| how does fructose enter into glycolysis | the fructose 1-phosphate pathway in the liver. it is phosphorlated to fructose 1-phosphate by fructokinase and is then split into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.usualy in adipose tissue |
| how does galactose enter inot glycolysis | it is converted into glucose 6-phosphate in four steps pg 441 |
| organism that has more than two chromosome sets all derived from the same species this would the organism from interbreding but not from producing fertile offspring | |
| allopolyploid | created when two diffrent species interbreed and produce a steril hybrid which can reproduce asexualy to produce asexualy to produce offspring which are fertile with each other |
| what is adaptive radiation | evolution of diversly adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new enviromental opprotunities and challenges |
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