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Musculoskeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many bones does the skeletal system have | 206 |
| what produces blood cells and stores minerals | the skeletal system |
| true or false: bones and joints are skeletal organs | true |
| each bone is a body organ with | blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels |
| what is another name for bones | osseous tissue |
| true or false: bones are one of the hardest materials in the body | true |
| how are bones formed | the gradual process of ossification |
| what is the fetal skeleton made of | cartilage |
| what is the cartilage of a fetal skeleton replaced by | osteoblasts that mature into osteocytes |
| bones undergo a gradual replacement process called | remodeling |
| old bone is broken down by | osteoclasts |
| in adults, bones completely replace themselves every how many years | 10 years |
| Long bones | larger then wide, examples are femur and humorus |
| short bones | roughly as long as wide, examples are carpals and tarsals |
| flat bones | plate shaped, examples are sternum, scapula, and pelvis |
| irregular bones | shape is very irregular, examples are vertebrae |
| the majority of bones are what kind of bones | long bones |
| long bones have two parts | diaphysis and epiphysis |
| diaphysis | central shaft, medullary cavity. periosteum covers bone |
| epiphysis | wide portion end of bone. articular cartilage covers epiphysis |
| where is cancellous or spongey bone found | inside the bone, in some parts of all bones |
| another word for spongey bone | cancellous bone |
| where is red bone marrow found | spongey bone, it has spaces containing that |
| head | large smooth ball shaped end of long bone |
| condyle | smooth rounded portion at end of bone |
| epicondyle | projection above/on a condyle |
| trochanter | large rough process |
| tubercle | small rough process |
| tuberosity | large rough process |
| sinus | hollow cavity within bone |
| foramen | smooth opening for nerves/blood vessels |
| fossa | shallow cavity/depression within bone |
| fissure | slit like opening |
| axial skeleton contains what type of bones | bones of the head, neck, spine, chest, and trunk |
| appendicular skeleton contains what type of bones | pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities |
| what two parts is the head or skull divided into | cranium, facial bones |
| what does the skull protect | brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, oral cavity |
| the cranium provides attachments for | chewing and head muscles |
| the cranium encases the brain and consists of the following bones | frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, occipital, mandible, maxilla, cheeks, vomer, palatine, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones |
| frontal | forms the forehead |
| parietal | form upper sides/roof of skull |
| temporal | form sides/base of skull |
| ethmoid | forms eye orbit/nose/part of floor of the skull |
| occipital | back of skull/part of base of skull |
| what are the facial bones | mandible, maxilla, cheeks, vomer, palatine, 2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones |
| mandible | movable lower jaw |
| maxilla | fixed upper jaw |
| cheeks | two zygomatic bones |
| vomer | part of nasal septum |
| palatine | roof of mouth/floor of nasal cavity |
| 2 nasal bones | form nasal septum/bridge of nose |
| 2 lacrimal bones | inner corners of eye |
| hyoid bone | a single U shaped bone found in neck between mandible and larynx |
| what does the hyoid bone provide a point of attachment for | swallowing and speech muscles |
| the trunk is inferior to the hyoid and consists of what | vertebral column, sternum, and rib cage |
| the vertebral column is divided into what 5 sections | cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx |
| cervical vertebrae | in neck region, numbered C1-C7 |
| thoracic vertebrae | in chest region, numbered T1-T12 |
| lumbar vertebrae | in the small of the back, numbered L1-L5 |
| sacrum | at base of vertebral column |
| coccyx | three-five vertebrae attached to the sacrum |
| ribs | 12 pair that attach to the vertebral column in the back |
| where do the first 10 pairs of ribs attach to | the sternum in the front and are known as the true ribs |
| the interior 2 pairs of ribs don't attach to the sternum and are called | floating ribs |
| where does the pectoral girdle attach to | the upper extremities to the axial skeleton |
| what does the pectoral girdle articulate with | the sternum and the vertebral column |
| what does the pectoral girdle consist of | the clavicle and the scapula |
| the upper extremity of the appendicular skeleton is the | arm, which consists of the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges |
| other names for the pelvic girdle | os coxae, the innominate bone or the hipbone |
| the pelvic girdle attaches the lower extremity to what | the axial skeleton |
| what does the pelvic girdle articulate with | the sacrum posteriorly |
| what does the pelvic girdle consist of | ilium, ischium, and pubix |
| what bones does the leg consist of | femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
| femur | thigh bone |
| patella | knee cap |
| tibia | shin bone |
| fibula | lower leg bone |
| tarsals | ankle bones |
| metatarsals | foot bone |
| phalanges | toe bones |
| how are joints formed | its where two bones meet, also called an articulation |
| 3 types of joints are based on the movement allowed | synovial joints, cartilaginous joints, fibrous joints |
| synovial joints | freely moving joints. most common. examples are ball and socket. contain a capsule lined with lubricant secreting synovial membrane. some synovial joints contain a bursa (sac like structure) |
| cartilaginous joints | allow for slight movement, hold bones firmly in place with solid piece of cartilage |
| fibrous joints | allow almost no movement, joined by thick fibrous tissue that can fuse into bone |
| arthr/o | joint |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| kyph/o | humps |
| lord/o | bent backward |
| oste/o | bone |
| scoli/o | crooked |
| synov/o | synovial membrane |
| algia | pain |
| centesis | puncture to withdraw fluid |
| clasia | surgically break |
| ectomy | surgical removal |
| gram | record |
| logy | study |
| oma | tumor |
| otomy | cutting into |
| scopy | process of visually examining |
| tome | instrument used to cut |
| A | without |
| inter | between |
| intra | within |
| cranial | pertaining to the skull |
| mandibular | pertaining to the mandible (lower jaw) |
| metacarpal | pertaining to the metacarpus |
| phalangeal | pertaining to the phalanges (fingers/toes) |
| scapular | pertaining to the scapula (shoulder blade) |
| vertebral | pertaining to a vertebra |
| orthotics | profession specializing in making orthopedics like braces/splints |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| chondromalacia | softening of the cartilage |
| crepitation | noise produces by bones/cartilage rubbing together |
| closed fracture | fracture with no open skin wound/simple fracture |
| comminuted fracture | fracture where bone is shattered/splint/crushed |
| compound fracture | fracture with open skin wound/open fracture |
| compression fracture | fracture with loss of height in vertebral body |
| greenstick fracture | incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, other is bent |
| impacted fracture | bone fragments pushed into each other |
| oblique fracture | fracture at an angle to bone |
| pathologic fracture | fracture caused by diseased/weakened bone |
| spiral fracture | fracture line spirals around shaft of bone, often slower to heal |
| stress fracture | slight fracture caused by repetitive/low impact forces like running |
| transverse fracture | fracture straight across bone |
| osteochondroma | tumor, usually benign consisting of both bone/cartilage tissue |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone/bone marrow |
| rickets | caused by calcium/vitamin D deficiancy, results in bone deformaties like bowed legs |
| herniated nucleus pulposus | protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk |
| spina bifida | congenital anomely, vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord |
| spondylolisthesis | forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it |
| dislocation | bones in joint are displaces from normal alignment |
| osteoarthritis | degeneration of bones/joints, bone rubs against bone |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune inflammation of joints, swelling/stiffness/pain, joint deformaties |
| bone scan | radioactive dye is used to visualize bones, identify stress fractures |
| dual energy absorptiometry | measure bone density using low dose xray, detects osteoporosis |
| myelography | study of spinal column after injection opaque contrast medium, identifies herinated nucleus polposus |
| arthrocentesis | insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid |
| orthotic | brace/splint used to prevent/correct deformaties |
| amputation | removal of limb for reasons like tumors, crushing injury |
| arthroclasia | forcibly breaking loose a fused joint |
| arthrotomy | cutting into a joint |
| laminectomy | removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve |
| osteoclasia | intentional breaking of a bone |
| synovectomy | removal of synovial membrane |
| reduction | realigning bone fragments of fracture, closed reduction is manipulation without surgery, open reduction requires surgery |
| traction | applying pulling force on fracture/dislocation to restore alignment |
| corticosteroids | have strong anti-inflammatory properties, can treat rheumatoid arthritis |
| the muscular system works with the skeletal system to do what | move the body |
| individual cells of the muscular system contract or what | shorten in length. the shortening produces movement |
| the muscles are what | organs of the muscular system |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| muscul/o | muscle |
| my/o | muscle |
| asthenia | weakness |
| kinesia | movement |
| tonia | tone |
| ab | away from |
| smooth muscle | found in the internal organs, produces involuntary movement |
| cardiac muscle | also called myocardium, makes up walls of heart. involuntary contractions of heart pump blood through hearts chambers in and out of body |
| skeletal muscle | attache to two different bones and overlap a joint. when muscles contract, both bones move but not equally |
| what is origin | fixed stationary point of attachment, doesn't move during contraction |
| insertion | movable point of attachment on bone, moves during contraction |
| movement produced is what | action |
| muscles are arranged in what | pairs (antogonistic pairs) |
| abduction | movement away from midline of body |
| adduction | movement toward midline of body |
| flexion | act of bending/being bent |
| extension | brings limb into a straight condition |
| dorsification | backward bending of foot |
| plantar flexion | bending sole of foot, pointing toes |
| supination | turning palm upward |
| opposition | moving thumb away from palm, ability to move thumb into contact with the other fingers |
| carp/o | wrist |
| knesi/o | movement |
| my/o | muscle |
| ten/o | tendon |
| tend/o | tendon |
| tendin/o | tendon |
| gram | record |
| kinesia | movement |
| logy | study of |
| otomy | cutting into |
| pathy | disease |
| rrhaphy | suture |
| dys | abnormal/difficult |
| kinesiology | science that studies movement, how its produced and muscles involved |
| atrophy | poor muscle development, result of muscle disease/lock of use/muscle wasting |
| dystonia | having abnormal muscle tone |
| hypertrophy | increase in muscle bulk from use |
| intermittent claudication | attacks of severe pain/lameness caused by muscle ischemia, usually in calf muscles |
| spasm | sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction |
| fibromyalgia | widespread aching/pain in muscles/soft tissue |
| lateral epicondylitis | inflammation of elbow muscles caused by strong gripping |
| polymyositis | inflammation of 2 or more muscles |
| strain | damage to muscle tendons, ligaments due to overuse/stretching |
| electromyography | hardcopy record produced by EMG |
| myorrhaphy | procedure to suture together a muscle |
| MD | muscular dystrophy |
Created by:
Kimberly0203