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Gen Chem Chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter definition | Anything that has mass and takes up space. Consists of atoms and molecules in motion. Composed of particles. |
| Atoms | Submicroscopic particles of matter. Building blocks for elements and molecules. |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms combining to make a molecule. |
| Matter can be defined according to its... | State: its physical form. Composition: the types of particles. |
| 3 main states of matter | Solid, liquid, gas |
| Pure substance | Matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample. |
| Elements | Substances that cannot be decomposed to simpler forms by any amount of chemical transformation. |
| Compounds | Substances that contain 2 or more elements in definite proportions. |
| Mixtures | Combinations of two or more pure substances in variable proportions. Classified as homogenous and heterogeneous. |
| Homogeneous | A mixture that has the same composition throughout. |
| Heterogeneous | A mixture that is separated into two or more regions with different composition. |
| Intensive (intrinsic) properties | Independent of the amount of matter present. These are properties that can be used to identify a material. 1 of the most important _ we encounter in chem is density. When the mass of an object increases, its volume must increase by a proportional amount. |
| Extensive (or extrinsic) properties | Depend on the amount of material present. Could be mass and volume. |
| Physical Property | A property that can be used to identify a piece of matter without changing the identity of composition. |
| Chemical Property | Describes how matter reacts and changes form. |
| Substance | When matter has a constant composition and distinct properties. |
| How many elements make up the periodic table | 118 |
| Who argues that matter was comprised of indivisible particles called "atomos" | Democritus |
| What two philosophers argued against the idea of "atomos" | Plato and Aristotle |
| Who came up with atomic theory | John Dalton |
| Who determined that the cathode ray could be deflected by applying a magnetic field to it, and hypothesized that the negatively charged cathode ray was made up of electrons | JJ Thomson |
| Charge of an electron | 1.602x10^-19 coulombs (C) |
| Mass of an electron | 9.109x10^-31 kg |
| What defines the atomic number | The number of protons |
| Atoms of the same element with different masses or mass number. Vary in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons | Isotopes |
| Isotopes have: | The same chemical properties but different atomic masses |
| If an atom does not have an equal number of protons and electrons, it forms an ___ | Ion |
| An ion that has more electrons than its parent atom and is negatively charged | Anion |
| An ion that has fewer electrons than its parent atom and is positively charged | Cation |
| Cations and anions will attract one another through ____ or ____ forces | Electrostatic, coulombic |
| When cations and anions interact with one another, they form: | Ionic compound |
| When we measure a ___ of something, we know that there will be 6.02x10^23 of that object | Mole |
| Avogadro's number | 6.02x10^23 |
| Molar mass | The mass of 1 mole of a particular object |
| When do we use 6.02x10^23 | To convert from moles to atoms, electrons, or some other very tiny particle (or vice versa) |
| Observation | A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree |
| Scientific Law (Principle) | A general statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted |
| Hypothesis | An initial attempt to explain the underlying cause |
| Experiment | A controlled observation designed to test a hypothesis |
| Theory | One or more confirmed hypotheses leading to an overall model which can predict further behavior |
| The discovery of subatomic particles all came down to ___ | Charge |
| Charge/mass ratio of the electron | -1.76x10^8 coulombs/gram (C/g) |
| Plum Pudding Model | Featured a positive sphere of matter with negative electrons imbedded in it |
| Radioactivity | The spontaneous emission of radiation by an atom |
| 3 different types of radioactivity | Alpha particles: positively charged, Beta particles: negatively charged, and Gamma rays: no charge |
| Most of the volume of the atom is ___ ____ | Empty space |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| What determines an element's identity | The number of protons |
| Average mass= | Atomic weight (amu) |
| Natural abundance | The percentage of an element that is 1 isotope |
| Mass number | Protons+Neutrons |
| X | Symbol of the element |
| A | Mass number |
| Z | Atomic number |
| C | Charge |
| Avogadro determined that the atomic mass of an element in amu= | The molar mass of that element in grams per mole |
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