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Symbols & Society
Terms 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four aspects of the Language of Enlightenment? | Reason, Rights, Freedom, and Progress |
| What does reason refer to? | using your own head |
| What do rights typically refer to? | natural rights |
| What are the four aspects of anti-war rhetoric? | 1. "We cannot win!" 2. "Social disruption!" 3. "Status quo is not that bad!" 4. "Economic disruption!" |
| What is stasis theory? When is it typically used? | Identifying inroads to persuasion; courts |
| What are the four tenets of stasis theory? What does each mean? | 1. Conjecture (the facts) 2. Quality (the seriousness of the issue) 3. Definitions (the meaning or nature of the issue) 4. Policy (plan of action) |
| How can you think of the four tenets of stasis theory? | Think of them like questions to be answered Question of the facts, question of the quality, question of the definition of the issue, and question of the policy to enact |
| What is topoi? | topic, theme, lines of arguing |
| What is descriptive language? What is performative langauge? | describes a thing/collective that exists prior to/independent from the speech act; enacts the thing by speaking it, thereby announcing its existence - "We declare" |
| What is Aristotle's "Definition of Rhetoric"? 2 things | the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion; sensitivity, capacity, & feeling that we learn and cultivate |
| According to Aristotle's "Definition of Rhetoric", language is what? | Rhetorical, meaning you understand a word's meaning because you've convinced yourself of the meaning subconsciously |
| What is autocratic leadership? 3 attributes. What is another name for autocratic leadership? | 1. Takes Full Control of Message (command attention) 2. Clear, Directive Leadership 3. Demonstrate Control and Confidence Authoritarian leadership |
| What is transformational leadership? 3 attributes. | 1. Inspiration and Vision for Change (new vision/path forward) 2. Emotional Appeals (hard struggle of past; hopeful future) 3. Empowerment of Followers (shared future; destiny, equality, dignity for all) |
| What is servant leadership? 3 attributes. | 1. Focus on others (overwhelming others > self) 2. Empathy and Passion (suffering, intrinsic dignity) 3. Selflessness and Humility (leadership as responsibility - no ego; walk the walk) |
| What is democratic leadership? 3 attributes. | 1. Inclusion and Collaboration (calm tone; common language) 2. Mutual Responsibility (cooperation of people and gov.) 3. Transparency and Openness (explain policies and rationale; trust and understanding) |
| What are three genres of public speaking? | Toasts, Ceremonial Addresses (graduations, eulogies, anniversaries), Politics (presidential debate, inaugural) |
| What are 3 attributes of the genre of inaugural addresses? Acknowledge, Announce, Mention what? | 1. Acknowledge (and FRAME) the Past, Present, & Future 2. Announce the general principles that will guide administration 3. Mention one or two issues of pressing importance (set agenda) |
| What are the last two attributes of the genre of inaugural addresses? Praise whom? Urge what? | 4. Praise your team-mates (the legislature) for its knowledge, virtue, and loyalty 5. Urge that we avoid division and promote the public good in every respect. |
| How does Declaration of Independence fit into the ideas of democracy, conflict, and symbols? | justified violence to revolt to secure rights for society |
| How does Patrick Henry fit into the ideas of democracy, conflict, and symbols? | justified to fight because war has already begun |
| How does Jefferson fit into the ideas of democracy, conflict, and symbols? | division & conflict can be resolved by adhering to essential principles |
| How does Grimke fit into the ideas of democracy, conflict, and symbols? | new vocabulary of democratic dissent to critique violence (slavery); not just static citizenship, “Rights are only as good as the persons ACTIVELY using them”; democratic dissent as an “activation of rights” |
| What are the four conflict styles? What do they mean? | Assertive Aggressive/Autocratic Passive Passive-Aggressive |
| What are aspects of the assertive conflict style? | moral clarity, inclusive, yet accountable; respectful tone |
| What are aspects of the aggressive/autocratic conflict style? | hostile, blame-game, and divisive |
| What are aspects of the passive conflict style? | refuses to engage, hopeless tone; avoidant |
| What are aspects of the passive-aggressive conflict style? | pretends not to care… but secretly does and makes it known indirectly (digs, criticism) |
| How did women view reform/activism in the 1700s? | An active practice; something to use and to secure→ activate rights to change the social world, even if disruptive |
| What were the five pro-slavery arguments? What acronym can you use to remember these? | Social: necessary evil to "positive good" Legal/Constitutional: US Constitution (Congressional Congress, Federalist Debates, etc.) Economic: extremely lucrative Religious: use/abuse of the Bible Political: proper order of society SLERP |
| What is the rhetorical theory of Kairos? 3 things | Sieze-the-Moment Intuitive sense of OCCASION The window of opportunity: seized and invented |
| How does Angelina Grimke view witnessing conflict? | authority derived from experiencing realities of slavery in the South Her duty to bear witness to violence |
| What did Angelina Grimke view as the true problem about witnessing conflict? | silence, the failure to speak, to bear witness |
| How are violence and Kairos used (specifically for Grimke I think)? | Uses the violence outside as a persuasive, inventional resource |
| What are the 4 ways Grimke utilized Kairos and the violence outside? | To drive home the stakes of the matter at hand; As proof of slavery’s grip on the North; As further evidence of her own moral credibility As a manifestation of slavery’s evil to which the audience can bear witness (source of moral community) |
| How did Thomas Jefferson use religious rhetoric? | Americans are a chosen people An optimism |
| How did Jefferson use civic commemoration? | RITUALIZED rehearsal of nationhood, celebrating a shared past, collective identity, and future befitting a free and united people |
| What are the three metaphors of Unity Jefferson uses? | VESSEL: adventure, uncertainty; collective effort; community and direction CIRCLE: order onto flux of experience without constraints ROAD: regain our way via the constellations of essential principles |
| How does Grimke use violence and the language of dissent? Three things | dissent as a duty to hold oneself and others accountable to what is before their very eyes; demanding a connection/identification with those worse off; necessary disruption whose “violence” is always a pale shadow to the injustice it tries to expose |
| What are the four varieties of anti-slavery arguments? | 1. Gradualism (takes time) 2. Revolt (usually violent) 3. Colonization (you can be free, but not here; send them back) 4. Immediatism (stop right now; where you see peaceful protests) |
| What does Rom Harre's Theory of Self mean? | Each of us operates with a theory of who we are and what it means to be a person |
| What are the two aspects of Rom Harre's Theory of Self? What do they mean? | PERSON: who you publicly present as to others in society SELF: private notion of your own unity as a person |
| What would the Theory of Self look like in rhetorical theory? | think of ethos or persona |
| What does Erving Goffman's Presentational Self mean? Three things. | The world's a stage upon which we act out our sense of self We DEFINE situations and ACT them out We encounter each other’s dramas: Impression-Management |
| What are frames in Erving Goffman's Presentational Self? | basic organizational pattern used to define sequence of actions We each have our own |
| How are identity and identification used in the audience and identity theories? | Alienation/disunity turns into identification with other/unity via rhetoric - from identity to identification |
| What is Burke's interpretation of "from identity to identification" | you persuade humans insofar as you match their language via speech, gesture, tone, order, image, attitude, idea, identifying your ways with his |
| What is a communication breakdown? | Cannot connect; Willingness to listen, to see, to even just chit chat, is done; line in the sand |
| What are the three barriers with communication breakdowns? | Semantic/linguistic, psychological, and cultural |
| What is a semantic/linguistic barrier? | difference in use or understanding of words, symbols, phrases Slang/jargon; connotation/denotation; sarcasm |
| What is a psychological barrier? | emotional states (anger, sadness, stress, trauma) that make communication difficult and you may already be defensive before you start talking Expectations, past memories, history influence the now |
| What is a cultural barrier? | major differences in communication style High context vs. low context; how much you center yourself vs. others; advice-seeking norms |
| What are the three ways to fix a communication breakdown? | Repair, Perspective-Taking, and Meta-Communication |
| What is repair? | working through the breakdown through communication Clarification, rephrase, get more context |
| What is perspective-taking? | try to see it from their identity Build empathy |
| What is meta-communication? | Talk about… how you talk! What’s your conflict type? High/low context? Etc. |
| What are three occasions for speech? | Deliberate, Forensic, Epideictic |
| What is epideictic rhetoric? | 1 of the three occasions for speech Eulogies, Inaugurals, graduation ceremonies, and toasts |
| What is the deliberate occasion for speech? | focused on the future; what policy or course of action is best; what politicians do |
| What is the forensic occasion for speech? | also known as “judicial” rhetoric; establishes facts and judgments about the past, like detectives or lawyers |
| What is the epideictic occasion for speech? | literal translation:“fit for display”; ceremonial rhetoric; concerned with a specific occasion of the PRESENT moment; from the present considers the past and future to either praise or blame, to celebrate or condemn; so as to re-establish communal values |
| How does Douglass fit into the ideas of democracy, conflict, and symbols? | makes use of his identity to drive message home |
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