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Bio Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are atoms? | Tiny particles made of neutrons, protons, and electrons that make up everything in our universe. |
| What are elements? | Atoms with a specific structure that make up specific compounds and molecules. |
| What are compounds? | A pure substance made of two or more different elements connected by chemical bonds. |
| What are molecules? | A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
| What does a chemical formula tell you? | The elements present in a compound and their frequency. |
| C(____)H(____)O(_____), and what is it? | C(6)H(12)O(6) is the chemical formula for glucose. |
| What are polar molecules? | Molecules with one side positively charged and one side negatively charged from unequal sharing of electrons. |
| What are covalent bonds? | When atoms share electrons equally in a bond so each have 8 valence electrons (some are shared to have 8) |
| What are ionic bonds? | When atoms gain or lose electrons in a bond. (Example: one atom has 10 valence electrons and one has 6, so the one with 6 takes two from the one with 10 so both have 8) |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | A strong bond when hydrogen bonds to a small, powerful atom. (Example: water) |
| How does water's polarity allow life to exist? | It creates an uneven charge so water can dissolve vital nutrients, stick itself to other surfaces, regulate temperature, and form cell membranes. |
| What are some properties of water? | Liquid is more dense than solid, has surface tension due to hydrogen bonds, has two hydrogen (positively charged) and one oxygen (negatively charged). |
| What is cohesion? | When two same substances stick together. |
| What is adhesion? | When a polar and nonpolar substance stick together. |
| What is expansion? | The increase in volume of a substance when the temperature increases, or the increase in volume when water freezes due to a specific way the molecules bond together creating space. |
| What is a polar solvent? | A liquid with uneven charges, allowing it to dissolve in other polar substances. |
| What is the pH scale? | The pH scale is the scale that measures the acidity or the basicity of a certain substance. |
| What does pH stand for? | "Potential of hydrogen" or "power of hydrogen". |
| What is 0, 7, and 14 on the pH scale? | 0 is the most acidic substances, 7 is the most neutral (water), and 14 is the most basic substances. |
| What is the difference between an acid and a base? | An acid releases electrons in water (H+) and a base accepts electrons in water (OH-). |
| What is the ion concentration of an acid? | An acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. |
| What is the ion concentration of a base? | A base has a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. |
| How can you neutralize either an acid or a base? | Combine an acid with a base or a base with an acid to create the most neutral substance (around 7 pH). |
| What is the monomer of proteins? | Amino acids. |
| What is the monomer of lipids? | Fatty acids (glycerol). |
| What is the monomer of carbohydrates? | Monnosachrides (glucose). |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides. |
| What is the function of proteins? | Structure/support for the cell. |
| What is the function of lipids? | Long term energy and insulation. |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | Fast energy. |
| What is the function of nucleic acids? | Blueprint for the cell. |
| What are the elements present in proteins? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, along with sulfur in many cases. |
| What are the elements present in lipids? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What are the elements present in carbohydrates? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What are the elements present in nucleic acids? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. |
| What foods are proteins found in? | Eggs, meat, fish, and peas. |
| What foods are lipids found in? | Dairy (butter, cheese, milk) and animal fat. |
| What foods are carbohydrates found in? | Pasta, bread, and vegetables. |
| What foods are nucleic acids found in? | Mushrooms, beans, and vegetables. |
| What's a polymer? | A large molecule made up of long, repeating chains of smaller molecules (POLY means MANY). |
| What is a monomer? | A small, single molecule that can chemically bond with other identical or similar molecules to form a long chain (MONO means ONE). |
| Why are we called carbon-based life forms? | Carbon serves as the primary structural backbone for virtually every critical molecule in our bodies. |
| How does the electron configuration of carbon allow it to form really long chains? | Carbon has six electrons, and four of those are valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds to fill the "octet rule" (eight valence electrons). |
| How does hydrogen bonds give proteins their shape? | Hydrogen bonds give proteins their 3D shape by acting like tiny molecular "zippers" that fold long chains of amino acids into highly specific geometric patterns. |
| What's the difference between the molecule structure of a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? | Saturated fatty acids only have single carbon to carbon bonds, while unsaturated has many. |
| What is a catalyst? | A substance that can speed up a chemical reaction. |
| What is the active site? | Where the substrate joins the enzyme. |
| What is the substrate? | The thing that joins the enzyme and is broken down by the enzyme. |
| What is the enzyme-substrate complex? | The enzyme weakening bonds in the substrate, lowering required reaction energy to act as a catalyst. |
| Why are enzymes present in all living organisms? | To make crucial chemical reactions work faster. |
| What does it mean when I say "Enzymes are not consumed in chemical reactions."? | Enzymes are reusable. |
| What happens to an enzyme's function when the shape changes? | It doesn't break down the same substrate, so it's use changes completely. |
| What pH do enzymes prefer? | 6-8 pH (around neutral). |
| What happens to enzymes in extreme pH? | They denature (unfold). |
| What happens to enzymes in cold? | They slow down how fast they weaken bonds, and eventually stop working. |
| What happens to enzymes in heat? | They denature (unfold). |
| What's better energy; lipids or carbohydrates? Why? | Lipids because they have more hydrocarbons. |
| How does adhesion create capillary action? | Adhesion pulls the water up tubes in a plant to supply water. |
| What type of sugar is glucose and why? | Monosacchride (one sugar), and it's because it's a single sugar molecule that can not be broken down into any other molecules. |
| What type of sugar is sucrose, what two sugars join to create it, and what is the bond between those two sugars called? | Sucrose is a disacchride (two sugar), glucose and fructose come together to create it, and the bond is called a glycosidic bond. |
| What three groups make up an amino acid compound? | Amino group, carboxyl group, and side chain (R group). |
| What three elements do amino acids, nucleic acids, and lipids all have? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What is the bond between two amino acids called? | Peptide bond. |
| What is the bond between two lipids called? | Phosphodiester bond. |
| What is dehydration syntheis? | Building and releasing energy without water. |
| What is hydrolysis? | Breaking apart compounds with water. |
| Why is hydrolysis important in the body? | It breaks down compounds. |
| What is metabolism? | Our body's process of breaking down compounds with hydrolysis. |
Created by:
BeckettRC