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Chem exam 1 terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| intramolecular | bonds within molecules; strong; covalent and ionic bonds |
| intermolecular | bonds between molecules; weak; affect physical properties |
| solid | tightly packed molecules, particles vibrate, definite shape and volume, strong IMF with low thermal energy |
| liquid | particles are close and slide past each other, definite volume but not shape, slightly compressible, moderate IMF and moderate thermal energy |
| gas | particles are far apart and move freely, no definite shape or volume, highly compressible, weak IMF and high thermal energy |
| dispersion forces | temporary partial negative and positive side created instantaneous dipoles |
| dipole-dipole | occurs between polar molecules |
| hydrogen bonding | hydrogen must be directly bonded to N, O, or F |
| ion-dipole forces | occurs between an ion and polar molecule |
| cohesive forces | attractions between the same type of molecule |
| adhesive forces | attractions between different substances |
| surface tension | resistance of a liquid to increase surface area; molecules at the surface experience attraction toward the interior |
| viscosity | resistance to flow |
| capillary action | movement of a liquid through a narrow space without external assistance |
| vaporization | evaporation occurs at the surface, boiling occurs throughout, producing bubbles |
| vapor pressure | pressure exerted by vapor above a liquid at equilibrium; stronger IMF = lower vapor pressure and vice versa |
| boiling point | liquid boils when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure |
| Clausius-Clapeyron equation | Pvap = Ce(-^changeH/RT) P=vapor pressure C=constant changeHvap=enthalpy of vaporization R=8.314 J/molK T=temp in Kelvin |
| phase changes | melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, deposition |
| heating curves | sloped section = increased temp flat sections = constant temp |
| phase diagrams | shows which phase is stable at different temps and pressures |
| triple point | where all three phase boundaries meet |
| critical point | endpoint of the vaporization curve; any substance above the critical point becomes a supercritical fluid, meaning it has properties of both liquid and gas |
| LED | function as a result of the conductive properties of solids |
| OLED | organic light emitting diodes that are made from carbon and hydrogen |
| crystalline solids | highly ordered 3-D patterns |
| single-crystalline solids | particles are arranged in a pattern that repeats throughout the crystal |
| poly-crystalline solid | short-rang order that lack the long-range order of a single crystal Ex: several tiny single crystals randomly oriented and stuck together |
| amorphous solids | characterized by their lack of order |
| crystalline solids | particles are arranged in a highly ordered repeating pattern |
| metallic solids | composed of a single metallic element |
| metallic bonds | atoms in metallic solids |
| ionic solids | composed of cations and anions held together by electrostatic force |
| molecular solids | composed of an array of discrete small molecules of a single type, held together by IMF |
| networks solids | consists of atoms that form a continuous network through covalent bonds; high melting points, poor conductors of electricity |
| alloy | homogenous mixture of metal and at least 1 other element |
| polymer | large molecule composed of a series of many small molecule subunites called monomers linked with covalent bonds |
| grains | microscopic crystals |
| x-ray diffraction | technique in which x-rays are scattered by the regularly spaced atoms or ions of a crystal |
| constructive interference | crests and troughs of 2 or more waves overlap so they are in phase with each other |
| destructive interference | crest of one wave overlaps with trough of another wave; out of phase, cancels each other out; diminishes amplitude |
| diffraction patterns | when x-rays are diffracted by a crystal, forming interference patterns |
| Bragg's Law | relates the wavelength of x-ray to the distance between various planes in a crystal |
| crystal lattice | arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid |
| unit cell | simplest repeating unit, opposite faces are parallel, edges connect equivalent points |
| lattice points | point that represent the location of an atom, ion, or molecule within the repeating structure of a solid |
| simple cubic unit cell | composed of a cube with one atom centered on each corner; A=2R |
| packing efficiency | percent of unit cell volume occupied by atoms |
| coordination number | number of atoms immediately surrounding an atom in the cell |
| body centered cubic unit cell | cube with atoms at each of the 8 corners plus an additional in the center; A=4R/square root 3 |
| face centered cubic unit cell | cube with atoms at each of the 8 corners plus one atom centered one each of the 6 cube faces; A=2(square root 2R) |
| AB packing | closest packed arrangement of atoms in 2 layers |
| ABA packing | hexagonal close packing |
| ABC packing | cubic close packing (face centered) |
| trigonal holes | occurs between 3 adjacent atoms in a single layer |
| tetrahedral holes | found between 2 layers of atoms or ions and occurs when a single atoms sits atop a trigonal hole |
| octahedral holes | largest type of hole and are formed between 2 consecutive layers of atoms when 2 trigonal holes are aligned |
| properties of metals | conductors, malleable, ductile, and shiney |
| band theory | when energy gaps become so small they effectively form 2 continuous energy bands |
| valence band | band composed of the bonding molecular orbitals populated with electrons |
| conduction band | band composed of the antibonding molecular orbitals not occupied with electrons |
| band gap | difference in energy between the top of the valence band and the bottom on the conduction band |
| insulators | do not conduct electricity easily |
| semiconductors | have small band gap but do not conduct electricity at low temps |
| doping | addition of a small amount of another element to the pure semiconductor metal |
| dopant | other element that is added to the pure semiconductor metal |
| depletion zone | narrow band where p and n semiconductors meet and the n-type moved into p-type holes |
| junction potential | accumulation of charge in the depletion zone |
| reverse bias | direction is opposite of natural flow so current stops |
| forward bias | electrons flow through easily |
| solution | homogenous mixture of substances |
| solvent | component present in greatest # of moles |
| solutes | substance dissolved in the solvent |
| concentrationed solutions | large amount of solute |
| dilute solutions | small amount of solute |
| aqueous solutions | solution where water is the solvent |
| solubility | max mass of solute that can dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a given temp and pressure |
| molar solubility | # of moles of solute that can dissolve in 1 liter of solution |
| density | mass/volume |
| volume | a^3 (edge length) |
| mass | g/mol x Z x 1mol/6.022x10^23 |
| full density equation | d = (MM)(Z)(6.022x10^23)/a^3 |
| rectifier | converts current flowing in both directions into current flowing in one direction |
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